Calculus Examples

$f (x) = \sin^{4} (x)$

Step 1

The function $F (x)$ can be found by finding the indefinite integral of the derivative $f (x)$ .

$F (x) = \int f (x) d x$

Step 2

Set up the integral to solve.

$F (x) = \int \sin^{4} (x) d x$

Step 3

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 3.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\int {\sin (x)}^{2 (2)} d x$

Step 3.2

Rewrite ${\sin (x)}^{2 (2)}$ as exponentiation.

$\int {(\sin^{2} (x))}^{2} d x$

Step 4

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\sin^{2} (x)$ as $\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{2}$ .

$\int {(\frac{1 - \cos (2 x)}{2})}^{2} d x$

Step 5

Let $u_{1} = 2 x$ . Then $d u_{1} = 2 d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{1} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 5.1

Let $u_{1} = 2 x$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

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Step 5.1.1

Differentiate $2 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$

Step 5.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 5.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 5.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 5.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$\int {(\frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} \frac{1}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 6

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(\frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2})}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 7

Simplify by multiplying through.

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Step 7.1

Rewrite $\frac{1 - \cos (u_{1})}{2}$ as a product.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})))}^{2} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2

Expand ${(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})))}^{2}$ .

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Step 7.2.1

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (1 - \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.6

Apply the distributive property.

Step 7.2.7

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.8

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.9

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.10

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.11

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1})) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.12

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} (- 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.13

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.14

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.15

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (1 \cdot \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.16

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.17

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1})) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.18

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) (\frac{1}{2} \cdot (- \cos (u_{1}))) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.19

Reorder $\frac{1}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

Step 7.2.20

Move parentheses.

Step 7.2.21

Move $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot - 1 \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.22

Move $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.23

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.24

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.25

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.26

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} + 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.27

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.28

Combine $- \frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.29

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{4} \cos (u_{1}) - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.30

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - 1 \cdot 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.31

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.32

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.33

Combine $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.34

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - 1 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.35

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + 1 (\frac{1}{2}) \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.36

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.37

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.38

Multiply $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2 \cdot 2} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.39

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.40

Combine $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.41

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.42

Raise $\cos (u_{1})$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{1} (u_{1}) \cos^{1} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.43

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{{\cos (u_{1})}^{1 + 1}}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.44

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.45

Subtract $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ from $- \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} - 2 \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.46

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{\cos (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.47

Reorder $\frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{4}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{4} + \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.2.48

Reorder $\frac{1}{4}$ and $\frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- 2 \cos (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.3

Simplify.

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Step 7.3.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $4$ .

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Step 7.3.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 \cos (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 (- \cos (u_{1}))}{4} d u_{1}$

Step 7.3.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 7.3.1.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 (- \cos (u_{1}))}{2 (2)} d u_{1}$

Step 7.3.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2 (- \cos (u_{1}))}{2 \cdot 2} d u_{1}$

Step 7.3.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{- \cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 7.3.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1}$

Step 8

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (\int \frac{\cos^{2} (u_{1})}{4} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 9

Since $\frac{1}{4}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{4} \int \cos^{2} (u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 10

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (u_{1})$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{4} \int \frac{1 + \cos (2 u_{1})}{2} d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 11

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{4} (\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 12

Simplify.

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Step 12.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2 \cdot 4} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 12.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} \int 1 + \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1} + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 13

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (\int d u_{1} + \int \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 14

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \int \cos (2 u_{1}) d u_{1}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 15

Let $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ . Then $d u_{2} = 2 d u_{1}$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 15.1

Let $u_{2} = 2 u_{1}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 15.1.1

Differentiate $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [2 u_{1}]$

Step 15.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $2 u_{1}$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}]$

Step 15.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 15.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 15.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \int \cos (u_{2}) \frac{1}{2} d u_{2}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 16

Combine $\cos (u_{2})$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \int \frac{\cos (u_{2})}{2} d u_{2}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 17

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{2}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u_{2}) d u_{2}) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 18

The integral of $\cos (u_{2})$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $\sin (u_{2})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{2}) + C)) + \int \frac{1}{4} d u_{1} + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 19

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{2}) + C)) + \frac{1}{4} u_{1} + C + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 20

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{2}) + C)) + \frac{u_{1}}{4} + C + \int - \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 21

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{2}) + C)) + \frac{u_{1}}{4} + C - \int \frac{\cos (u_{1})}{2} d u_{1})$

Step 22

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{2}) + C)) + \frac{u_{1}}{4} + C - (\frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u_{1}) d u_{1}))$

Step 23

The integral of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\sin (u_{1})$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{8} (u_{1} + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{2}) + C)) + \frac{u_{1}}{4} + C - \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u_{1}) + C))$

Step 24

Simplify.

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Step 24.1

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{u_{1}}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{16} + \frac{u_{1}}{4} - \frac{\sin (u_{1})}{2}) + C$

Step 24.2

Simplify.

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Step 24.2.1

To write $\frac{u_{1}}{4}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{u_{1}}{8} + \frac{u_{1}}{4} \cdot \frac{2}{2} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{1})}{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.2

Write each expression with a common denominator of $8$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 24.2.2.1

Multiply $\frac{u_{1}}{4}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{u_{1}}{8} + \frac{u_{1} \cdot 2}{4 \cdot 2} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{1})}{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.2.2

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{u_{1}}{8} + \frac{u_{1} \cdot 2}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{1})}{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{u_{1} + u_{1} \cdot 2}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{1})}{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.4

Move $2$ to the left of $u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{u_{1} + 2 \cdot u_{1}}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{1})}{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.5

Add $u_{1}$ and $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 u_{1}}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (u_{1})}{2}) + C$

Step 25

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 25.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 (2 x)}{8} + \frac{\sin (u_{2})}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 25.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $2 u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 (2 x)}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 u_{1})}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 25.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 (2 x)}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 x))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26

Simplify.

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Step 26.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 26.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $8$ .

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Step 26.1.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $3 (2 x)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 (3 (x))}{8} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 x))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.1.1.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 26.1.1.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $8$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 (3 (x))}{2 \cdot 4} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 x))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.1.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{2 (3 (x))}{2 \cdot 4} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 x))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.1.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 (x)}{4} + \frac{\sin (2 (2 x))}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{3 x}{4} + \frac{\sin (4 x)}{16} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 x}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 x)}{16} + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.3

Simplify.

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Step 26.3.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{3 x}{4}$ .

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Step 26.3.1.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{3 x}{4}$ .

$\frac{3 x}{2 \cdot 4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 x)}{16} + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.3.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $4$ .

$\frac{3 x}{8} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 x)}{16} + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.3.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (4 x)}{16}$ .

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Step 26.3.2.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{\sin (4 x)}{16}$ .

$\frac{3 x}{8} + \frac{\sin (4 x)}{2 \cdot 16} + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.3.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $16$ .

$\frac{3 x}{8} + \frac{\sin (4 x)}{32} + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + C$

Step 26.3.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} (- \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2})$ .

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Step 26.3.3.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}$ .

$\frac{3 x}{8} + \frac{\sin (4 x)}{32} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2 \cdot 2} + C$

Step 26.3.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{3 x}{8} + \frac{\sin (4 x)}{32} - \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + C$

Step 27

Reorder terms.

$\frac{3}{8} x + \frac{1}{32} \sin (4 x) - \frac{1}{4} \sin (2 x) + C$

Step 28

The answer is the antiderivative of the function $f (x) = \sin^{4} (x)$ .

$F (x) =$ $\frac{3}{8} x + \frac{1}{32} \sin (4 x) - \frac{1}{4} \sin (2 x) + C$