Calculus Examples

$\sqrt{{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4}$ as ${({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [{({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = {(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as ${(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with ${(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 3

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 4

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{2} {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 6.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 7

Differentiate using the Sum Rule.

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Step 7.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{2} {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 7.2

Combine fractions.

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Step 7.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{{({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 7.2.2

Move ${({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4]$

Step 7.3

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of ${(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [{(3 x - 2)}^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 8

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = 3 x - 2$ .

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Step 8.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $3 x - 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [3 x - 2] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 8.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 u_{2} \frac{d}{d x} [3 x - 2] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 8.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $3 x - 2$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 (3 x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [3 x - 2] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 9

Differentiate.

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Step 9.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $3 x - 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 (3 x - 2) (\frac{d}{d x} [3 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 9.2

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $3 x$ with respect to $x$ is $3 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 (3 x - 2) (3 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 9.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 (3 x - 2) (3 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 9.4

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 (3 x - 2) (3 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 9.5

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 (3 x - 2) (3 + 0) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 9.6

Simplify the expression.

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Step 9.6.1

Add $3$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 (3 x - 2) \cdot 3 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 9.6.2

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (6 (3 x - 2) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 4])$

Step 9.7

Since $- 4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 4$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (6 (3 x - 2) + 0)$

Step 9.8

Simplify terms.

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Step 9.8.1

Add $6 (3 x - 2)$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (6 (3 x - 2))$

Step 9.8.2

Combine $6$ and $\frac{1}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{6}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (3 x - 2)$

Step 9.8.3

Factor $2$ out of $6$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot 3}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (3 x - 2)$

Step 10

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 10.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot 3}{2 ({({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}})} (3 x - 2)$

Step 10.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 \cdot 3}{2 {({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (3 x - 2)$

Step 10.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3}{{({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (3 x - 2)$

Step 11

Simplify.

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Step 11.1

Reorder the factors of $\frac{3}{{({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (3 x - 2)$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{({(3 x - 2)}^{2} - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 11.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 11.2.1.1

Rewrite ${(3 x - 2)}^{2}$ as $(3 x - 2) (3 x - 2)$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{((3 x - 2) (3 x - 2) - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.2

Expand $(3 x - 2) (3 x - 2)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 11.2.1.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(3 x (3 x - 2) - 2 (3 x - 2) - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(3 x (3 x) + 3 x \cdot - 2 - 2 (3 x - 2) - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(3 x (3 x) + 3 x \cdot - 2 - 2 (3 x) - 2 \cdot - 2 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 11.2.1.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 11.2.1.3.1.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(3 \cdot 3 x \cdot x + 3 x \cdot - 2 - 2 (3 x) - 2 \cdot - 2 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 11.2.1.3.1.2.1

Move $x$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(3 \cdot 3 (x \cdot x) + 3 x \cdot - 2 - 2 (3 x) - 2 \cdot - 2 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.1.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(3 \cdot 3 x^{2} + 3 x \cdot - 2 - 2 (3 x) - 2 \cdot - 2 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.1.3

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(9 x^{2} + 3 x \cdot - 2 - 2 (3 x) - 2 \cdot - 2 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.1.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $3$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(9 x^{2} - 6 x - 2 (3 x) - 2 \cdot - 2 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.1.5

Multiply $3$ by $- 2$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(9 x^{2} - 6 x - 6 x - 2 \cdot - 2 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.1.6

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(9 x^{2} - 6 x - 6 x + 4 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.1.3.2

Subtract $6 x$ from $- 6 x$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(9 x^{2} - 12 x + 4 - 4)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $9 x^{2} - 12 x + 4 - 4$ .

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Step 11.2.2.1

Subtract $4$ from $4$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(9 x^{2} - 12 x + 0)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.2.2.2

Add $9 x^{2} - 12 x$ and $0$ .

$(3 x - 2) \frac{3}{{(9 x^{2} - 12 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.3

Multiply $3 x - 2$ by $\frac{3}{{(9 x^{2} - 12 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{(3 x - 2) \cdot 3}{{(9 x^{2} - 12 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 11.4

Move $3$ to the left of $3 x - 2$ .

$\frac{3 (3 x - 2)}{{(9 x^{2} - 12 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$