Calculus Examples

$\sqrt{2 + 2 x} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{2 + 2 x}$ as ${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}$ .

${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}] + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{3}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x^{2} + 1$ .

${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{3}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (3 {u_{1}}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{2} + 1$ .

${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} (3 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1]) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 4

Differentiate.

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Step 4.1

Move $3$ to the left of ${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$3 \cdot {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 1] + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 4.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$3 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 4.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$3 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 4.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$3 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (2 x + 0) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 4.5

Simplify the expression.

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Step 4.5.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$3 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (2 x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 4.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 5

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 2 + 2 x$ .

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Step 5.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $2 + 2 x$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 5.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 5.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $2 + 2 x$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2} {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 6

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2} {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 7

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2} {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 8

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2} {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 9

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 9.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2} {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 9.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2} {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 10

Combine fractions.

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Step 10.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2} {(2 + 2 x)}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 10.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(2 + 2 x)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{{(2 + 2 x)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 10.3

Move ${(2 + 2 x)}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3} (\frac{1}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x])$

Step 10.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 + 2 x]$

Step 11

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $2 + 2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [2] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [2] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])$

Step 12

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x])$

Step 13

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$

Step 14

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 15

Simplify terms.

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Step 15.1

Combine $2$ and $\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 15.2

Cancel the common factor.

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{2 {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{2 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 15.3

Rewrite the expression.

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 16

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot 1$

Step 17

Multiply $\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18

To write $6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 19

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20

Multiply ${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 20.1

Move ${(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{6 ({(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{2}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 20.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{1} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 21

Simplify $6 {(2 + 2 x)}^{1} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x$ .

$\frac{6 (2 + 2 x) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22

Simplify.

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Step 22.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(6 \cdot 2 + 6 (2 x)) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 22.2.1

Factor ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ out of $(6 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 2 x) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}$ .

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Step 22.2.1.1

Factor ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ out of $(6 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 2 x) {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} x$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((6 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 2 x) x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.1.2

Factor ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ out of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{3}$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((6 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 2 x) x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (x^{2} + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.1.3

Factor ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2}$ out of ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((6 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 2 x) x) + {(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (x^{2} + 1)$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((6 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 2 x) x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 22.2.2.1

Multiply $6$ by $2$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((12 + 6 \cdot 2 x) x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.2.2

Multiply $6$ by $2$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} ((12 + 12 x) x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (12 x + 12 x \cdot x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.4

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 22.2.4.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (12 x + 12 (x \cdot x) + x^{2} + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (12 x + 12 x^{2} + x^{2} + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.5

Add $12 x^{2}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (12 x + 13 x^{2} + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2.6

Reorder terms.

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (13 x^{2} + 12 x + 1)}{{(2 + 2 x)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.3

Reorder terms.

$\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{2} (13 x^{2} + 12 x + 1)}{{(2 x + 2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$