Calculus Examples

$\frac{\sqrt{x}}{1 + \sqrt{x}}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 1.1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{1 + \sqrt{x}}]$

Step 1.1.2

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}}]$

Step 1.2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}] - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.8

Combine fractions.

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Step 1.8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.8.3

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.9

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.10

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.11

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.12

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1})}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.13

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}})}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.14

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}})}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.15

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}})}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.16

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.16.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}})}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.16.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}})}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.17

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}})}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.18

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.19

Combine $\frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$ and $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.20

Multiply $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.20.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.20.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{x^{\frac{- 1 + 1}{2}}}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.20.3

Add $- 1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{x^{\frac{0}{2}}}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.20.4

Divide $0$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{x^{0}}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.21

Simplify $x^{0}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{1}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.22

To write $(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{2}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.23

Combine $(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot 2}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.24

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot 2 - 1}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.25

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{2}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.26

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{2}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.27

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.28

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2}}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$ as a product.

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.29

Multiply $\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.30

Simplify.

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Step 1.30.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1 \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.30.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.30.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.30.2.1.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.30.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 1.30.2.1.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 1}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.30.2.1.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 1 - 1}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.30.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 1 - 1$ .

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Step 1.30.2.2.1

Subtract $1$ from $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 0}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.30.2.2.2

Add $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.30.3

Combine terms.

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Step 1.30.3.1

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$ as a product.

$\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 1.30.3.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}$

Step 1.30.4

Reorder terms.

$f' (x) = \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

Differentiate using the Constant Multiple Rule.

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Step 2.1.1

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}]$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}]$

Step 2.1.2

Rewrite $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}$ as ${(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [{(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{- 1}]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{- 1}$ and $g (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{- 1}] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}])$

Step 2.2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- {u_{1}}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}])$

Step 2.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (- {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}])$

Step 2.3

Combine fractions.

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Step 2.3.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{- 2}$ .

$- \frac{{(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{- 2}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}]$

Step 2.3.2

Move ${(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{- 2}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}]$

Step 2.4

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}] + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.5

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 2.5.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.5.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 u_{2} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.5.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.6

Differentiate.

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Step 2.6.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.6.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.6.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}]) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.6.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.7

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.8

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.10

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.10.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.10.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11

Simplify terms.

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Step 2.11.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (\frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.3

Combine $\frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$ and $2$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}} \cdot 2}{2} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 2.11.4.1

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{2 \cdot x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.4.2

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{2}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.5

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{2}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.6

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.7

Combine $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.8

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.9

Simplify.

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Step 2.11.9.1

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.11.9.2

Multiply $1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}])$

Step 2.12

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1}))$

Step 2.13

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}}))$

Step 2.14

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}}))$

Step 2.15

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}}))$

Step 2.16

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.16.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}}))$

Step 2.16.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}}))$

Step 2.17

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} (\frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}}))$

Step 2.18

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2})$

Step 2.19

Combine ${(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ and $\frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2})$

Step 2.20

Simplify.

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Step 2.20.1

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.20.2

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{{(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.21

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.22

Simplify.

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Step 2.22.1

Apply the product rule to $x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 ({(x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} {({(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2})} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.22.2

Combine terms.

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Step 2.22.2.1

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.22.2.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 (x^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2} {({(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2})} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.22.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 2.22.2.1.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{1}{2 (x^{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2} {({(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2})} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.22.2.1.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{2 (x^{1} {({(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2})} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.22.2.2

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{2 (x {({(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2})} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.22.2.3

Multiply the exponents in ${({(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.22.2.3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 (x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2 \cdot 2})} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.22.2.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 (x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4})} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

$- \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 2.22.3

Reorder the factors of $- \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}} (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.22.4.1

Rewrite ${(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ as $(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.2

Expand $(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.22.4.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + x^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 \cdot 1 + 1 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 2.22.4.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.22.4.3.1.1

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + 1 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3.1.2

Multiply $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3.1.3

Multiply $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3.1.4

Multiply $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.22.4.3.1.4.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3.1.4.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3.1.4.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{2}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3.1.4.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{1}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3.1.5

Simplify $x^{1}$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.3.2

Add $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.4

Add $2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 + x}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.4.5

Reorder terms.

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.5

To write $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- (x^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.6

Combine $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- (\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.22.8.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}} + x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.2

Multiply $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.22.8.2.1

Move $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}}) + x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} + x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{2 x^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} + x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.2.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{2 x^{\frac{2}{2}} + x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.2.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{2 x^{1} + x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.3

Simplify $2 x^{1}$ .

$- \frac{2 x + x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.4

Add $2 x$ and $x$ .

$- \frac{3 x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5

Rewrite $3 x + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1$ in a factored form.

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Step 2.22.8.5.1

Rewrite $x$ as ${(x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}$ .

$- \frac{3 {(x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} + 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.2

Let $u = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ . Substitute $u$ for all occurrences of $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{3 u^{2} + 4 u + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.3

Factor by grouping.

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Step 2.22.8.5.3.1

For a polynomial of the form $a x^{2} + b x + c$ , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is $a \cdot c = 3 \cdot 1 = 3$ and whose sum is $b = 4$ .

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Step 2.22.8.5.3.1.1

Factor $4$ out of $4 u$ .

$- \frac{3 u^{2} + 4 (u) + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.3.1.2

Rewrite $4$ as $1$ plus $3$

$- \frac{3 u^{2} + (1 + 3) u + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.3.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{3 u^{2} + 1 u + 3 u + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.3.1.4

Multiply $u$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{3 u^{2} + u + 3 u + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.3.2

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

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Step 2.22.8.5.3.2.1

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$- \frac{(3 u^{2} + u) + 3 u + 1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.3.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$- \frac{u (3 u + 1) + 1 (3 u + 1)}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.3.3

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $3 u + 1$ .

$- \frac{(3 u + 1) (u + 1)}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.8.5.4

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.9

Multiply $- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$ .

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Step 2.22.9.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$ by $\frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{2 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4} (2 x^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 2.22.9.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 x {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 2.22.9.3

Multiply $x$ by $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.22.9.3.1

Move $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 (x^{\frac{1}{2}} x) {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.9.3.2

Multiply $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $x$ .

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Step 2.22.9.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 (x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{1}) {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.9.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 x^{\frac{1}{2} + 1} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.9.3.3

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{2}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.9.3.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 x^{\frac{1 + 2}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.9.3.5

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 x^{\frac{3}{2}} {(1 + x^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.10

Reorder terms.

$- \frac{(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 x^{\frac{3}{2}} {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.11

Factor $x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1$ out of $(3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)$ .

$- \frac{(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{4 x^{\frac{3}{2}} {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.22.12

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.22.12.1

Factor $x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1$ out of $4 x^{\frac{3}{2}} {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{4}$ .

$- \frac{(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (4 x^{\frac{3}{2}} {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3})}$

Step 2.22.12.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}{(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1) (4 x^{\frac{3}{2}} {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3})}$

Step 2.22.12.3

Rewrite the expression.

$f'' (x) = - \frac{3 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1}{4 x^{\frac{3}{2}} {(x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1)}^{3}}$