Calculus Examples

$\ln (\frac{\sqrt{4 + x^{2}}}{x})$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{4 + x^{2}}$ as ${(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\ln (\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x})]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = \frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\ln (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\ln (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ .

$\frac{1}{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}$ .

$\frac{1}{\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}]$

Step 3

Multiply by the reciprocal of the fraction to divide by $\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}$ .

$1 \frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}]$

Step 4

Multiply $\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x}]$

Step 5

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x \frac{d}{d x} [{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}] - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 6

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 4 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 6.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $4 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 6.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 6.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $4 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2} {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 7

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2} {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 8

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2} {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2} {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 10

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 10.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2} {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 10.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2} {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 11

Combine fractions.

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Step 11.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2} {(4 + x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 11.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(4 + x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 11.3

Move ${(4 + x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x (\frac{1}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 11.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [4 + x^{2}] - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 12

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $4 + x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [4] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [4] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 13

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $4$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 14

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 15

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x) - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 16

Combine fractions.

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Step 16.1

Combine $2$ and $\frac{x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} x - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 16.2

Combine $\frac{2 x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 x \cdot x}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 17

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 (x^{1} x)}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 18

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 (x^{1} x^{1})}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 19

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 x^{1 + 1}}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 20

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 x^{2}}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 21

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{2 x^{2}}{2 {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 22

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{x^{2}}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$

Step 23

Multiply $\frac{\frac{x^{2}}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}}$ by $\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{\frac{x^{2}}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{x^{2}})$

Step 24

Combine.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{x^{2}}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 25

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{x^{2}}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 26

Cancel the common factor of ${(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 26.1

Cancel the common factor.

Step 26.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 27

Multiply ${(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 27.1

Move ${(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 27.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 27.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 27.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 27.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + {(4 + x^{2})}^{1} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 28

Simplify ${(4 + x^{2})}^{1} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x])$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + (4 + x^{2}) (- \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 29

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + (4 + x^{2}) (- 1 \cdot 1)}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 30

Combine fractions.

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Step 30.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} + (4 + x^{2}) \cdot - 1}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 30.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 30.2.1

Move $- 1$ to the left of $4 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} - 1 \cdot (4 + x^{2})}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 30.2.2

Rewrite $- 1 (4 + x^{2})$ as $- (4 + x^{2})$ .

$\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{2} - (4 + x^{2})}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 30.3

Multiply $\frac{x}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{x^{2} - (4 + x^{2})}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2})}$

Step 31

Multiply ${(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 31.1

Move ${(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 31.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 31.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 31.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}} x^{2}}$

Step 31.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{{(4 + x^{2})}^{1} x^{2}}$

Step 32

Simplify ${(4 + x^{2})}^{1} x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{(4 + x^{2}) x^{2}}$

Step 33

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 33.1

Factor $x$ out of $(4 + x^{2}) x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{x ((4 + x^{2}) x)}$

Step 33.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x (x^{2} - (4 + x^{2}))}{x ((4 + x^{2}) x)}$

Step 33.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{x^{2} - (4 + x^{2})}{(4 + x^{2}) x}$

Step 34

Simplify.

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Step 34.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} - 1 \cdot 4 - x^{2}}{(4 + x^{2}) x}$

Step 34.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{2} - 1 \cdot 4 - x^{2}}{4 x + x^{2} x}$

Step 34.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 34.3.1

Combine the opposite terms in $x^{2} - 1 \cdot 4 - x^{2}$ .

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Step 34.3.1.1

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{0 - 1 \cdot 4}{4 x + x^{2} x}$

Step 34.3.1.2

Subtract $1 \cdot 4$ from $0$ .

$\frac{- 1 \cdot 4}{4 x + x^{2} x}$

Step 34.3.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$\frac{- 4}{4 x + x^{2} x}$

Step 34.4

Combine terms.

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Step 34.4.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 34.4.1.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 34.4.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- 4}{4 x + x^{2} x^{1}}$

Step 34.4.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- 4}{4 x + x^{2 + 1}}$

Step 34.4.1.2

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- 4}{4 x + x^{3}}$

Step 34.4.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{4}{4 x + x^{3}}$

Step 34.5

Factor $x$ out of $4 x + x^{3}$ .

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Step 34.5.1

Factor $x$ out of $4 x$ .

$- \frac{4}{x \cdot 4 + x^{3}}$

Step 34.5.2

Factor $x$ out of $x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{4}{x \cdot 4 + x \cdot x^{2}}$

Step 34.5.3

Factor $x$ out of $x \cdot 4 + x \cdot x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{4}{x (4 + x^{2})}$