Calculus Examples

$y = x^{x}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

Use the properties of logarithms to simplify the differentiation.

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Step 1.1.1

Rewrite $x^{x}$ as $e^{\ln (x^{x})}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [e^{\ln (x^{x})}]$

Step 1.1.2

Expand $\ln (x^{x})$ by moving $x$ outside the logarithm.

$\frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 1.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = x \ln (x)$ .

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Step 1.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x \ln (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [e^{u}] \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]$

Step 1.2.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [a^{u}]$ is $a^{u} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$e^{u} \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]$

Step 1.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x \ln (x)$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]$

Step 1.3

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = \ln (x)$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{d}{d x} [\ln (x)] + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 1.4

The derivative of $\ln (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 1.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule.

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Step 1.5.1

Combine $x$ and $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} (\frac{x}{x} + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 1.5.2

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

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Step 1.5.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$e^{x \ln (x)} (\frac{x}{x} + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 1.5.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 1.5.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x) \cdot 1)$

Step 1.5.4

Multiply $\ln (x)$ by $1$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))$

Step 1.6

Simplify.

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Step 1.6.1

Apply the distributive property.

$e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1 + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 1.6.2

Multiply $e^{x \ln (x)}$ by $1$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 1.6.3

Reorder terms.

$f' (x) = e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x) + e^{x \ln (x)}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x) + e^{x \ln (x)}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)]$ .

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Step 2.2.1

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = e^{x \ln (x)}$ and $g (x) = \ln (x)$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{d}{d x} [\ln (x)] + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}] + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.2

The derivative of $\ln (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}] + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = x \ln (x)$ .

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Step 2.2.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x \ln (x)$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [e^{u_{1}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.3.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [a^{u_{1}}]$ is $a^{u_{1}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x \ln (x)$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.4

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = \ln (x)$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{d}{d x} [\ln (x)] + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.5

The derivative of $\ln (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) \cdot 1)) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.7

Combine $e^{x \ln (x)}$ and $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)}}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) \cdot 1)) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.8

Combine $x$ and $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)}}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (\frac{x}{x} + \ln (x) \cdot 1)) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.9

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

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Step 2.2.9.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)}}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (\frac{x}{x} + \ln (x) \cdot 1)) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.9.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)}}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x) \cdot 1)) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.10

Multiply $\ln (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)}}{x} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.11

To write $\ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x)))$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x}{x}$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)}}{x} + \frac{\ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.2.12

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + \frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$

Step 2.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [e^{x \ln (x)}]$ .

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Step 2.3.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = x \ln (x)$ .

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Step 2.3.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $x \ln (x)$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + \frac{d}{d u_{2}} [e^{u_{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]$

Step 2.3.1.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [a^{u_{2}}]$ is $a^{u_{2}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{u_{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]$

Step 2.3.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $x \ln (x)$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \frac{d}{d x} [x \ln (x)]$

Step 2.3.2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = \ln (x)$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{d}{d x} [\ln (x)] + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 2.3.3

The derivative of $\ln (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 2.3.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (x \frac{1}{x} + \ln (x) \cdot 1)$

Step 2.3.5

Combine $x$ and $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (\frac{x}{x} + \ln (x) \cdot 1)$

Step 2.3.6

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

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Step 2.3.6.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (\frac{x}{x} + \ln (x) \cdot 1)$

Step 2.3.6.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x) \cdot 1)$

Step 2.3.7

Multiply $\ln (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))$

Step 2.4

Simplify.

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Step 2.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1 + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))$

Step 2.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + (\ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1) + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x))) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))$

Step 2.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1) x + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} (1 + \ln (x))$

Step 2.4.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1) x + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1 + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5

Combine terms.

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Step 2.4.5.1

Multiply $e^{x \ln (x)}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln (x) (e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)) x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1 + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5.2

Raise $\ln (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln^{1} (x) \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1 + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5.3

Raise $\ln (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln^{1} (x) \ln^{1} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1 + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + {\ln (x)}^{1 + 1} e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1 + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln^{2} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \cdot 1 + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5.6

Multiply $e^{x \ln (x)}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln^{2} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5.7

To write $e^{x \ln (x)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x}{x}$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln^{2} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + \frac{e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5.8

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln^{2} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$

Step 2.4.5.9

To write $e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x}{x}$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln^{2} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x} + \frac{e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x) x}{x}$

Step 2.4.5.10

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + \ln (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + \ln^{2} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + e^{x \ln (x)} x + e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x) x}{x}$

Step 2.4.5.11

Reorder $e^{x \ln (x)}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + x e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x) + x e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x) + \ln^{2} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x}$

Step 2.4.5.12

Add $x e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$ and $x e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x)$ .

$\frac{e^{x \ln (x)} + 2 x e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x) + \ln^{2} (x) e^{x \ln (x)} x + e^{x \ln (x)} x}{x}$

Step 2.4.6

Reorder terms.

$\frac{2 e^{x \ln (x)} x \ln (x) + e^{x \ln (x)} x \ln^{2} (x) + e^{x \ln (x)} x + e^{x \ln (x)}}{x}$

Step 2.4.7

Reorder factors in $\frac{2 e^{x \ln (x)} x \ln (x) + e^{x \ln (x)} x \ln^{2} (x) + e^{x \ln (x)} x + e^{x \ln (x)}}{x}$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 x e^{x \ln (x)} \ln (x) + x e^{x \ln (x)} \ln^{2} (x) + x e^{x \ln (x)} + e^{x \ln (x)}}{x}$