Calculus Examples

$y = \frac{\sqrt{1 - \sin (x)}}{x^{2}}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - \sin (x)}$ as ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{2}}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}] - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{{(x^{2})}^{2}}$

Step 3

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{2}$ .

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Step 3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}] - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{2 \cdot 2}}$

Step 3.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}] - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 1 - \sin (x)$ .

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Step 4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $1 - \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 4.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} u^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 - \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 5

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 6

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 8

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 8.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 9

Differentiate.

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Step 9.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 9.2

Combine fractions.

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Step 9.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{{(1 - \sin (x))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 9.2.2

Move ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} (\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 9.2.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - \sin (x)] - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 9.3

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - \sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)]$ .

$\frac{\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 9.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 9.5

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)]$ .

$\frac{\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin (x)] - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 9.6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]$ .

$\frac{\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 10

The derivative of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- \cos (x)) - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 11

Differentiate using the Power Rule.

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Step 11.1

Combine $\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $\cos (x)$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \cos (x)}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]}{x^{4}}$

Step 11.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \cos (x)}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x)}{x^{4}}$

Step 11.3

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \cos (x)}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} x}{x^{4}}$

Step 12

Combine $- \frac{x^{2} \cos (x)}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $- 2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} x$ using a common denominator.

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Step 12.1

Move ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \cos (x)}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 2 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 12.2

To write $- 2 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \cos (x)}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 2 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot \frac{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 12.3

Combine $- 2 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\frac{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- \frac{x^{2} \cos (x)}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{- 2 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 12.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 2 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 13

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 14

Multiply ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 14.1

Move ${(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x ({(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 14.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 14.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 14.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 14.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{1}}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 15

Simplify $- 4 x {(1 - \sin (x))}^{1}$ .

$\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x (1 - \sin (x))}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$

Step 16

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x (1 - \sin (x))}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{x^{4}}$ as a product.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x (1 - \sin (x))}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{x^{4}}$

Step 17

Multiply $\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x (1 - \sin (x))}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{1}{x^{4}}$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x (1 - \sin (x))}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{4}}$

Step 18

Simplify.

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Step 18.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x \cdot 1 - 4 x (- \sin (x))}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{4}}$

Step 18.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 18.2.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x - 4 x (- \sin (x))}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{4}}$

Step 18.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 4$ .

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) - 4 x + 4 x \sin (x)}{2 {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{4}}$

Step 18.3

Reorder terms.

$\frac{- x^{2} \cos (x) + 4 x \sin (x) - 4 x}{2 x^{4} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.4

Factor $x$ out of $- x^{2} \cos (x) + 4 x \sin (x) - 4 x$ .

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Step 18.4.1

Factor $x$ out of $- x^{2} \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{x (- x \cos (x)) + 4 x \sin (x) - 4 x}{2 x^{4} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.4.2

Factor $x$ out of $4 x \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{x (- x \cos (x)) + x (4 \sin (x)) - 4 x}{2 x^{4} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.4.3

Factor $x$ out of $- 4 x$ .

$\frac{x (- x \cos (x)) + x (4 \sin (x)) + x \cdot - 4}{2 x^{4} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.4.4

Factor $x$ out of $x (- x \cos (x)) + x (4 \sin (x))$ .

$\frac{x (- x \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x)) + x \cdot - 4}{2 x^{4} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.4.5

Factor $x$ out of $x (- x \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x)) + x \cdot - 4$ .

$\frac{x (- x \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x) - 4)}{2 x^{4} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.5

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 18.5.1

Factor $x$ out of $2 x^{4} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x (- x \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x) - 4)}{x (2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 18.5.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x (- x \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x) - 4)}{x (2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 18.5.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- x \cos (x) + 4 \sin (x) - 4}{2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{- (x \cos (x)) + 4 \sin (x) - 4}{2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.7

Factor $- 1$ out of $4 \sin (x)$ .

$\frac{- (x \cos (x)) - (- 4 \sin (x)) - 4}{2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.8

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x \cos (x)) - (- 4 \sin (x))$ .

$\frac{- (x \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x)) - 4}{2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.9

Rewrite $- 4$ as $- 1 (4)$ .

$\frac{- (x \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x)) - 1 (4)}{2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.10

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x)) - 1 (4)$ .

$\frac{- (x \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x) + 4)}{2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.11

Rewrite $- (x \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x) + 4)$ as $- 1 (x \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x) + 4)$ .

$\frac{- 1 (x \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x) + 4)}{2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 18.12

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x \cos (x) - 4 \sin (x) + 4}{2 x^{3} {(1 - \sin (x))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$