Calculus Examples

$y = \frac{\ln (1 - x^{2})}{x - 1}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = \ln (1 - x^{2})$ and $g (x) = x - 1$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [\ln (1 - x^{2})] - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = 1 - x^{2}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $1 - x^{2}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (\frac{d}{d u} [\ln (u)] \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\ln (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{u}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (\frac{1}{u} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 - x^{2}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (\frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}] - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} (- (2 x)) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.6

Combine fractions.

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Step 3.6.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{1}{1 - x^{2}} (- 2 x) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.6.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{1 - x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{- 2}{1 - x^{2}} x - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.6.3

Combine $x$ and $\frac{- 2}{1 - x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{x \cdot - 2}{1 - x^{2}} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.6.4

Simplify the expression.

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Step 3.6.4.1

Move $- 2$ to the left of $x$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) \frac{- 2 \cdot x}{1 - x^{2}} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.6.4.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{(x - 1) (- \frac{2 x}{1 - x^{2}}) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.7

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (- \frac{2 x}{1 - x^{2}}) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (- \frac{2 x}{1 - x^{2}}) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1])}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.9

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (- \frac{2 x}{1 - x^{2}}) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 + 0)}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.10

Simplify the expression.

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Step 3.10.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (- \frac{2 x}{1 - x^{2}}) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \cdot 1}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 3.10.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (- \frac{2 x}{1 - x^{2}}) - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.1.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.1.1

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 4.1.1.1.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (- \frac{2 x}{1^{2} - x^{2}}) - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.1.2

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula, $a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where $a = 1$ and $b = x$ .

$\frac{(x - 1) (- \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}) - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x (- \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}) - 1 (- \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}) - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{- x \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - 1 (- \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}) - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.4

Multiply $- 1 (- \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)})$ .

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Step 4.1.1.4.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- x \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + 1 \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.4.2

Multiply $\frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- x \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.5

Multiply $- x \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ .

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Step 4.1.1.5.1

Combine $\frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{- \frac{2 x \cdot x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.5.2

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- \frac{2 (x^{1} x)}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.5.3

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- \frac{2 (x^{1} x^{1})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.5.4

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- \frac{2 x^{1 + 1}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.1.5.5

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- \frac{2 x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + \frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \ln (1 - x^{2})}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.2

To write $- \ln (1 - x^{2})$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{(1 + x) (1 - x)}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \frac{2 x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \cdot \frac{(1 + x) (1 - x)}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.3

Combine $- \ln (1 - x^{2})$ and $\frac{(1 + x) (1 - x)}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} - \frac{2 x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + \frac{- \ln (1 - x^{2}) ((1 + x) (1 - x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{2 x}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} + \frac{- 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) ((1 + x) (1 - x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) ((1 + x) (1 - x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.6.1

Expand $(1 + x) (1 - x)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 4.1.6.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 (1 - x) + x (1 - x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) + x (1 - x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 \cdot 1 + 1 (- x) + x \cdot 1 + x (- x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.2

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 4.1.6.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.6.2.1.1

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 + 1 (- x) + x \cdot 1 + x (- x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.2.1.2

Multiply $- x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 - x + x \cdot 1 + x (- x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.2.1.3

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 - x + x + x (- x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.2.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 - x + x - x \cdot x)}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.2.1.5

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.1.6.2.1.5.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 - x + x - (x \cdot x))}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.2.1.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 - x + x - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.2.2

Add $- x$ and $x$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 + 0 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.2.3

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) \cdot 1 - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (- x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) - \ln (1 - x^{2}) (- x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.5

Multiply $- \ln (1 - x^{2}) (- x^{2})$ .

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Step 4.1.6.5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + 1 \ln (1 - x^{2}) x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.6.5.2

Multiply $\ln (1 - x^{2})$ by $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + \ln (1 - x^{2}) x^{2}}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.1.7

Reorder factors in $2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + \ln (1 - x^{2}) x^{2}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Combine terms.

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Step 4.2.1

Rewrite $\frac{\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$ as a product.

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)} \cdot \frac{1}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.2

Multiply $\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x)}$ by $\frac{1}{{(x - 1)}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (1 - x) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.3

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (- 1 (- 1) - x) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (- 1 (- 1) - (x)) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- 1) - (x)$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) (- 1 (- 1 + x)) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.6

Reorder terms.

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) \cdot - 1 (x - 1) {(x - 1)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.7

Multiply $x - 1$ by ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.2.7.1

Move ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) \cdot - 1 ({(x - 1)}^{2} (x - 1))}$

Step 4.2.7.2

Multiply ${(x - 1)}^{2}$ by $x - 1$ .

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Step 4.2.7.2.1

Raise $x - 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) \cdot - 1 ({(x - 1)}^{2} {(x - 1)}^{1})}$

Step 4.2.7.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) \cdot - 1 {(x - 1)}^{2 + 1}}$

Step 4.2.7.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) \cdot - 1 {(x - 1)}^{3}}$

Step 4.2.8

Move $- 1$ to the left of $1 + x$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{- 1 \cdot (1 + x) {(x - 1)}^{3}}$

Step 4.2.9

Rewrite $- 1 (1 + x)$ as $- (1 + x)$ .

$\frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{- (1 + x) {(x - 1)}^{3}}$

Step 4.2.10

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2 x - 2 x^{2} - \ln (1 - x^{2}) + x^{2} \ln (1 - x^{2})}{(1 + x) {(x - 1)}^{3}}$