Calculus Examples

$\int_{- 1}^{3} - \frac{3}{32} x^{2} + \frac{3}{16} x + \frac{9}{32} d x$

Step 1

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int_{- 1}^{3} - \frac{3}{32} x^{2} d x + \int_{- 1}^{3} \frac{3}{16} x d x + \int_{- 1}^{3} \frac{9}{32} d x$

Step 2

Since $- \frac{3}{32}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- \frac{3}{32}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{3}{32} \int_{- 1}^{3} x^{2} d x + \int_{- 1}^{3} \frac{3}{16} x d x + \int_{- 1}^{3} \frac{9}{32} d x$

Step 3

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} \frac{1}{3} x^{3}]_{- 1}^{3} + \int_{- 1}^{3} \frac{3}{16} x d x + \int_{- 1}^{3} \frac{9}{32} d x$

Step 4

Since $\frac{3}{16}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{3}{16}$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{3}{32} \frac{1}{3} x^{3}]_{- 1}^{3} + \frac{3}{16} \int_{- 1}^{3} x d x + \int_{- 1}^{3} \frac{9}{32} d x$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} \frac{1}{3} x^{3}]_{- 1}^{3} + \frac{3}{16} \frac{1}{2} x^{2}]_{- 1}^{3} + \int_{- 1}^{3} \frac{9}{32} d x$

Step 6

Apply the constant rule.

$- \frac{3}{32} \frac{1}{3} x^{3}]_{- 1}^{3} + \frac{3}{16} \frac{1}{2} x^{2}]_{- 1}^{3} + \frac{9}{32} x]_{- 1}^{3}$

Step 7

Substitute and simplify.

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Step 7.1

Evaluate $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ at $3$ and at $- 1$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} ((\frac{1}{3} \cdot 3^{3}) - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} \frac{1}{2} x^{2}]_{- 1}^{3} + \frac{9}{32} x]_{- 1}^{3}$

Step 7.2

Evaluate $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ at $3$ and at $- 1$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{1}{3} \cdot 3^{3} - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + \frac{9}{32} x]_{- 1}^{3}$

Step 7.3

Evaluate $\frac{9}{32} x$ at $3$ and at $- 1$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{1}{3} \cdot 3^{3} - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4

Simplify.

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Step 7.4.1

Raise $3$ to the power of $3$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{1}{3} \cdot 27 - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.2

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $27$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{27}{3} - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.3

Cancel the common factor of $27$ and $3$ .

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Step 7.4.3.1

Factor $3$ out of $27$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{3 \cdot 9}{3} - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 7.4.3.2.1

Factor $3$ out of $3$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{3 \cdot 9}{3 (1)} - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{3 \cdot 9}{3 \cdot 1} - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{9}{1} - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.3.2.4

Divide $9$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (9 - \frac{1}{3} {(- 1)}^{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.4

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $3$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (9 - \frac{1}{3} \cdot - 1) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (9 + 1 (\frac{1}{3})) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.6

Multiply $\frac{1}{3}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (9 + \frac{1}{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.7

To write $9$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (9 \cdot \frac{3}{3} + \frac{1}{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.8

Combine $9$ and $\frac{3}{3}$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} (\frac{9 \cdot 3}{3} + \frac{1}{3}) + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.9

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{3}{32} \cdot \frac{9 \cdot 3 + 1}{3} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.10

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.4.10.1

Multiply $9$ by $3$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} \cdot \frac{27 + 1}{3} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.10.2

Add $27$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{3}{32} \cdot \frac{28}{3} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.11

Multiply $\frac{28}{3}$ by $\frac{3}{32}$ .

$- \frac{28 \cdot 3}{3 \cdot 32} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.12

Multiply $28$ by $3$ .

$- \frac{84}{3 \cdot 32} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.13

Multiply $3$ by $32$ .

$- \frac{84}{96} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.14

Cancel the common factor of $84$ and $96$ .

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Step 7.4.14.1

Factor $12$ out of $84$ .

$- \frac{12 (7)}{96} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.14.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 7.4.14.2.1

Factor $12$ out of $96$ .

$- \frac{12 \cdot 7}{12 \cdot 8} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.14.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{12 \cdot 7}{12 \cdot 8} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.14.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3^{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.15

Raise $3$ to the power of $2$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 9 - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.16

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $9$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{9}{2} - \frac{1}{2} {(- 1)}^{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.17

Raise $- 1$ to the power of $2$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{9}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.18

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} (\frac{9}{2} - \frac{1}{2}) + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.19

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} \cdot \frac{9 - 1}{2} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.20

Subtract $1$ from $9$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} \cdot \frac{8}{2} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.21

Cancel the common factor of $8$ and $2$ .

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Step 7.4.21.1

Factor $2$ out of $8$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot 4}{2} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.21.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 7.4.21.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot 4}{2 (1)} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.21.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} \cdot \frac{2 \cdot 4}{2 \cdot 1} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.21.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} \cdot \frac{4}{1} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.21.2.4

Divide $4$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{16} \cdot 4 + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.22

Combine $\frac{3}{16}$ and $4$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3 \cdot 4}{16} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.23

Multiply $3$ by $4$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{12}{16} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.24

Cancel the common factor of $12$ and $16$ .

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Step 7.4.24.1

Factor $4$ out of $12$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{4 (3)}{16} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.24.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 7.4.24.2.1

Factor $4$ out of $16$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{4 \cdot 3}{4 \cdot 4} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.24.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{4 \cdot 3}{4 \cdot 4} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.24.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{4} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.25

To write $\frac{3}{4}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{2}{2} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.26

Write each expression with a common denominator of $8$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 7.4.26.1

Multiply $\frac{3}{4}$ by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3 \cdot 2}{4 \cdot 2} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.26.2

Multiply $4$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{7}{8} + \frac{3 \cdot 2}{8} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.27

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- 7 + 3 \cdot 2}{8} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.28

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.4.28.1

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\frac{- 7 + 6}{8} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.28.2

Add $- 7$ and $6$ .

$\frac{- 1}{8} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.29

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{1}{8} + (\frac{9}{32} \cdot 3) - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.30

Combine $\frac{9}{32}$ and $3$ .

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{9 \cdot 3}{32} - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.31

Multiply $9$ by $3$ .

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{27}{32} - \frac{9}{32} \cdot - 1$

Step 7.4.32

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{27}{32} + 1 (\frac{9}{32})$

Step 7.4.33

Multiply $\frac{9}{32}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{27}{32} + \frac{9}{32}$

Step 7.4.34

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{27 + 9}{32}$

Step 7.4.35

Add $27$ and $9$ .

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{36}{32}$

Step 7.4.36

Cancel the common factor of $36$ and $32$ .

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Step 7.4.36.1

Factor $4$ out of $36$ .

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{4 (9)}{32}$

Step 7.4.36.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 7.4.36.2.1

Factor $4$ out of $32$ .

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{4 \cdot 9}{4 \cdot 8}$

Step 7.4.36.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{4 \cdot 9}{4 \cdot 8}$

Step 7.4.36.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- \frac{1}{8} + \frac{9}{8}$

Step 7.4.37

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- 1 + 9}{8}$

Step 7.4.38

Add $- 1$ and $9$ .

$\frac{8}{8}$

Step 7.4.39

Cancel the common factor of $8$ .

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Step 7.4.39.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{8}{8}$

Step 7.4.39.2

Rewrite the expression.

$1$

Step 8