Calculus Examples

$y = \frac{4 \sqrt{x}}{x - 2}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Constant Multiple Rule.

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Step 1.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{x}$ as $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x - 2}]$

Step 1.2

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $\frac{4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x - 2}$ with respect to $x$ is $4 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x - 2}]$ .

$4 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x - 2}]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = x - 2$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) \frac{d}{d x} [x^{\frac{1}{2}}] - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 4

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 5

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 6

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$4 \frac{(x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 7

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 7.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} x^{\frac{- 1}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 8

Combine fractions.

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Step 8.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$4 \frac{(x - 2) (\frac{1}{2} x^{- \frac{1}{2}}) - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 8.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) \frac{x^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 8.3

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x - 2]}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 9

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 2$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2]$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2])}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 10

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2])}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 11

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 + 0)}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 12

Combine fractions.

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Step 12.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot 1}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 12.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$4 \frac{(x - 2) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 12.3

Combine $4$ and $\frac{(x - 2) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{4 ((x - 2) \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{4 (x \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{4 (x \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 13.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 13.3.1.1

Combine $x$ and $\frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{4 \frac{x}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 13.3.1.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot 2 \frac{x}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 \cdot 2 \frac{x}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 \frac{x}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.3

Combine $2$ and $\frac{x}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{2 x}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.4

Move $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ to the numerator using the negative exponent rule $\frac{1}{b^{n}} = b^{- n}$ .

$\frac{2 x \cdot x^{- \frac{1}{2}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.5

Multiply $x$ by $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 13.3.1.5.1

Move $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{- \frac{1}{2}} x) + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.5.2

Multiply $x^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ by $x$ .

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Step 13.3.1.5.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{- \frac{1}{2}} x^{1}) + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{- \frac{1}{2} + 1} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.5.3

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{2 x^{- \frac{1}{2} + \frac{2}{2}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.5.4

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{- 1 + 2}{2}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.5.5

Add $- 1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 4 (- 2 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.6

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 13.3.1.6.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 4 (2 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.6.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 4 (2 \cdot - 1 \frac{1}{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.6.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 4 (- 1 \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.7

Rewrite $- 1 \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ as $- \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 4 (- \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}) + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.8

Multiply $4 (- \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$ .

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Step 13.3.1.8.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - 4 \frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.8.2

Combine $- 4$ and $\frac{1}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{- 4}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.9

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{4}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 4 (- x^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.1.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$\frac{2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{4}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.3.2

Subtract $4 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ from $2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{4}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 13.4.1

Factor $- 2$ out of $- 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{4}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

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Step 13.4.1.1

Factor $- 2$ out of $- 2 x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) - \frac{4}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.1.2

Factor $- 2$ out of $- \frac{4}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) - 2 (- \frac{- 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.1.3

Factor $- 2$ out of $- 2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}}) - 2 (- \frac{- 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}})$ .

$\frac{- 2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}} - \frac{- 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{- 2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}} - - \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.3

Multiply $- - \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

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Step 13.4.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- 2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 1 \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.3.2

Multiply $\frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- 2 (x^{\frac{1}{2}} + \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.4

To write $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 (\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}})}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- 2 \frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}} x^{\frac{1}{2}} + 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 13.4.6.1

Multiply $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 13.4.6.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- 2 \frac{x^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} + 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.6.1.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- 2 \frac{x^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} + 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.6.1.3

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- 2 \frac{x^{\frac{2}{2}} + 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.6.1.4

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{- 2 \frac{x^{1} + 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.4.6.2

Simplify $x^{1}$ .

$\frac{- 2 \frac{x + 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.5

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{x + 2}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{- 2 (x + 2)}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.6

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{- \frac{2 (x + 2)}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.7

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$- \frac{2 (x + 2)}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$

Step 13.8

Multiply $\frac{1}{{(x - 2)}^{2}}$ by $\frac{2 (x + 2)}{x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{2 (x + 2)}{{(x - 2)}^{2} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 13.9

Reorder factors in $- \frac{2 (x + 2)}{{(x - 2)}^{2} x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{2 (x + 2)}{x^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x - 2)}^{2}}$