Calculus Examples

$f (x) = {(\frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x})}^{2}$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = \frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $\frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u} [u^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x}]$

Step 1.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 u \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x}]$

Step 1.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x}$ .

$2 \frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x}]$

Step 1.2

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x}$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1 - x^{2}}{1 - x}]$

Step 1.3

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = 1 - x^{2}$ and $g (x) = 1 - x$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}] - (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4

Differentiate.

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Step 1.4.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]) - (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]) - (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.3

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}] - (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) - (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- (2 x)) - (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.6

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) - (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [1 - x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.7

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x]$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) - (1 - x^{2}) (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x])}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.8

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) - (1 - x^{2}) (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- x])}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.9

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [- x]$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) - (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [- x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.10

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) - (1 - x^{2}) (- \frac{d}{d x} [x])}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.11

Multiply.

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Step 1.4.11.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) + 1 (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.11.2

Multiply $1 - x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) + (1 - x^{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [x]}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.12

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) + (1 - x^{2}) \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.13

Combine fractions.

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Step 1.4.13.1

Multiply $1 - x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x} \cdot \frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2}}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.4.13.2

Multiply $\frac{2 (1 - x^{2})}{1 - x}$ by $\frac{(1 - x) (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2}}{{(1 - x)}^{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2}) ((1 - x) (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{(1 - x) {(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.5

Multiply $1 - x$ by ${(1 - x)}^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.5.1

Multiply $1 - x$ by ${(1 - x)}^{2}$ .

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Step 1.5.1.1

Raise $1 - x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2}) ((1 - x) (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{1} {(1 - x)}^{2}}$

Step 1.5.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2}) ((1 - x) (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{1 + 2}}$

Step 1.5.2

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 (1 - x^{2}) ((1 - x) (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6

Simplify.

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Step 1.6.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 \cdot 1 + 2 (- x^{2})) ((1 - x) (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 \cdot 1 + 2 (- x^{2})) (1 (- 2 x) - x (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 1.6.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.6.3.1.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(2 + 2 (- x^{2})) (1 (- 2 x) - x (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{(2 - 2 x^{2}) (1 (- 2 x) - x (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.6.3.2.1

Multiply $- 2 x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(2 - 2 x^{2}) (- 2 x - x (- 2 x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.2.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(2 - 2 x^{2}) (- 2 x - 1 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.2.3

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.6.3.2.3.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{(2 - 2 x^{2}) (- 2 x - 1 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x) + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.2.3.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{(2 - 2 x^{2}) (- 2 x - 1 \cdot - 2 x^{2} + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.2.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{(2 - 2 x^{2}) (- 2 x + 2 x^{2} + 1 - x^{2})}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.3

Subtract $x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{(2 - 2 x^{2}) (- 2 x + x^{2} + 1)}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.4

Expand $(2 - 2 x^{2}) (- 2 x + x^{2} + 1)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$\frac{2 (- 2 x) + 2 x^{2} + 2 \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 1.6.3.5.1

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 \cdot 1 - 2 x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 x^{2} (- 2 x) - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{2} x - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.4

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.6.3.5.4.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 \cdot - 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.4.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.6.3.5.4.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 \cdot - 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.4.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{1 + 2} - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.4.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.5

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 x^{2} x^{2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.6

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 1.6.3.5.6.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 (x^{2} x^{2}) - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.6.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 x^{2 + 2} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.6.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{2} \cdot 1}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.5.7

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{2}}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.6

Combine the opposite terms in $- 4 x + 2 x^{2} + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 x^{4} - 2 x^{2}$ .

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Step 1.6.3.6.1

Subtract $2 x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 x^{4} + 0}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.3.6.2

Add $- 4 x + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 x^{4}$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- 4 x + 2 + 4 x^{3} - 2 x^{4}}{{(1 - x)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.4

Reorder terms.

$\frac{- 2 x^{4} + 4 x^{3} - 4 x + 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.5

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{4} + 4 x^{3} - 4 x + 2$ .

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Step 1.6.5.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{4}$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 4 x^{3} - 4 x + 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.5.2

Factor $2$ out of $4 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (2 x^{3}) - 4 x + 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.5.3

Factor $2$ out of $- 4 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (2 x^{3}) + 2 (- 2 x) + 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.5.4

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (2 x^{3}) + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 (1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.5.5

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (2 x^{3})$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{4} + 2 x^{3}) + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 (1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.5.6

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{4} + 2 x^{3}) + 2 (- 2 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 2 x) + 2 (1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.5.7

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 2 x) + 2 (1)$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{4} + 2 x^{3} - 2 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{4}$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x^{4}) + 2 x^{3} - 2 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.7

Factor $- 1$ out of $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x^{4}) - (- 2 x^{3}) - 2 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.8

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{4}) - (- 2 x^{3})$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 2 x^{3}) - 2 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.9

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 2 x^{3}) - (2 x) + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.10

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{4} - 2 x^{3}) - (2 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x) + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.11

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x) - 1 (- 1))}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.12

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x) - 1 (- 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1))}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.13

Rewrite $- (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1)$ as $- 1 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (- 1 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1))}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 1.6.14

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$f' (x) = - \frac{2 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \frac{2 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}]$ .

$- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1}{{(- x + 1)}^{3}}]$

Step 2.2

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1] - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{({(- x + 1)}^{3})}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Differentiate.

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Step 2.3.1

Multiply the exponents in ${({(- x + 1)}^{3})}^{2}$ .

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Step 2.3.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1] - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{3 \cdot 2}}$

Step 2.3.1.2

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1] - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{4}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{4}] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 4$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.4

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 x^{3}$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}]$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x^{3}] + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 2 (3 x^{2}) + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.6

Multiply $3$ by $- 2$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + \frac{d}{d x} [2 x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.7

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2 \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.9

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.10

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2 + 0) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.3.11

Add $4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2$ and $0$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \frac{d}{d x} [{(- x + 1)}^{3}]}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{3}$ and $g (x) = - x + 1$ .

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Step 2.4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $- x + 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{3}] \frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.4.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 3$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (3 u^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $- x + 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (3 {(- x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.5

Simplify with factoring out.

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Step 2.5.1

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) ({(- x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.5.2

Factor ${(- x + 1)}^{2}$ out of ${(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) ({(- x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1])$ .

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Step 2.5.2.1

Factor ${(- x + 1)}^{2}$ out of ${(- x + 1)}^{3} (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2)$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{2} ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2)) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) ({(- x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.5.2.2

Factor ${(- x + 1)}^{2}$ out of $- 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) ({(- x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1])$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{2} ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2)) + {(- x + 1)}^{2} (- 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1]))}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.5.2.3

Factor ${(- x + 1)}^{2}$ out of ${(- x + 1)}^{2} ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2)) + {(- x + 1)}^{2} (- 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1]))$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{2} ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1]))}{{(- x + 1)}^{6}}$

Step 2.6

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.6.1

Factor ${(- x + 1)}^{2}$ out of ${(- x + 1)}^{6}$ .

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{2} ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1]))}{{(- x + 1)}^{2} {(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.6.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- 2 \frac{{(- x + 1)}^{2} ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1]))}{{(- x + 1)}^{2} {(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.6.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- 2 \frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [- x + 1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.7

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $- x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [- x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$- 2 \frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [- x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.8

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- 2 \frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (- \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.9

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 2 \frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (- 1 \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.10

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$- 2 \frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (- 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1])}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.11

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$- 2 \frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) (- 1 + 0)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.12

Combine fractions.

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Step 2.12.1

Add $- 1$ and $0$ .

$- 2 \frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) - 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1) \cdot - 1}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.12.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 3$ .

$- 2 \frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) + 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.12.3

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) + 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) + 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1))}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.12.4

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2 ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) + 3 (x^{4} - 2 x^{3} + 2 x - 1))}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13

Simplify.

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Step 2.13.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{2 ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) + 3 x^{4} + 3 (- 2 x^{3}) + 3 (2 x) + 3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{2 ((- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2)) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.13.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.13.3.1.1

Expand $(- x + 1) (4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$- \frac{2 (- x (4 x^{3}) - x (- 6 x^{2}) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.13.3.1.2.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- \frac{2 (- 1 \cdot 4 x \cdot x^{3} - x (- 6 x^{2}) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.13.3.1.2.2.1

Move $x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 1 \cdot 4 (x^{3} x) - x (- 6 x^{2}) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.2.2

Multiply $x^{3}$ by $x$ .

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Step 2.13.3.1.2.2.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 1 \cdot 4 (x^{3} x^{1}) - x (- 6 x^{2}) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{2 (- 1 \cdot 4 x^{3 + 1} - x (- 6 x^{2}) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.2.3

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 1 \cdot 4 x^{4} - x (- 6 x^{2}) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} - x (- 6 x^{2}) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} - 1 \cdot - 6 x \cdot x^{2} - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.5

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.13.3.1.2.5.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} - 1 \cdot - 6 (x^{2} x) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.5.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 2.13.3.1.2.5.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} - 1 \cdot - 6 (x^{2} x^{1}) - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} - 1 \cdot - 6 x^{2 + 1} - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.5.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} - 1 \cdot - 6 x^{3} - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 6$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} + 6 x^{3} - x \cdot 2 + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.7

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} + 6 x^{3} - 2 x + 1 (4 x^{3}) + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.8

Multiply $4 x^{3}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} + 6 x^{3} - 2 x + 4 x^{3} + 1 (- 6 x^{2}) + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.9

Multiply $- 6 x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} + 6 x^{3} - 2 x + 4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 1 \cdot 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.2.10

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} + 6 x^{3} - 2 x + 4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.3

Add $6 x^{3}$ and $4 x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4} + 10 x^{3} - 2 x - 6 x^{2} + 2) + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$- \frac{2 (- 4 x^{4}) + 2 (10 x^{3}) + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 (- 6 x^{2}) + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.5

Simplify.

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Step 2.13.3.1.5.1

Multiply $- 4$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 2 (10 x^{3}) + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 (- 6 x^{2}) + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.5.2

Multiply $10$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} + 2 (- 2 x) + 2 (- 6 x^{2}) + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.5.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x + 2 (- 6 x^{2}) + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.5.4

Multiply $- 6$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 2 \cdot 2 + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.5.5

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 2 (3 x^{4}) + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.6

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 6 x^{4} + 2 (3 (- 2 x^{3})) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.7

Multiply $- 2$ by $3$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 6 x^{4} + 2 (- 6 x^{3}) + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.8

Multiply $- 6$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 6 x^{4} - 12 x^{3} + 2 (3 (2 x)) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.9

Multiply $2$ by $3$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 6 x^{4} - 12 x^{3} + 2 (6 x) + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.10

Multiply $6$ by $2$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 6 x^{4} - 12 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 (3 \cdot - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.11

Multiply $2 (3 \cdot - 1)$ .

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Step 2.13.3.1.11.1

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 6 x^{4} - 12 x^{3} + 12 x + 2 \cdot - 3}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.1.11.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 3$ .

$- \frac{- 8 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 6 x^{4} - 12 x^{3} + 12 x - 6}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.2

Add $- 8 x^{4}$ and $6 x^{4}$ .

$- \frac{- 2 x^{4} + 20 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 - 12 x^{3} + 12 x - 6}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.3

Subtract $12 x^{3}$ from $20 x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{- 2 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} - 4 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 + 12 x - 6}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.4

Add $- 4 x$ and $12 x$ .

$- \frac{- 2 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} + 8 x - 12 x^{2} + 4 - 6}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.3.5

Subtract $6$ from $4$ .

$- \frac{- 2 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} + 8 x - 12 x^{2} - 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 2.13.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{4} + 8 x^{3} + 8 x - 12 x^{2} - 2$ .

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Step 2.13.4.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{4}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 8 x^{3} + 8 x - 12 x^{2} - 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $8 x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (4 x^{3}) + 8 x - 12 x^{2} - 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.1.3

Factor $2$ out of $8 x$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (4 x^{3}) + 2 (4 x) - 12 x^{2} - 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.1.4

Factor $2$ out of $- 12 x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (4 x^{3}) + 2 (4 x) + 2 (- 6 x^{2}) - 2}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.1.5

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (4 x^{3}) + 2 (4 x) + 2 (- 6 x^{2}) + 2 (- 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.1.6

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{4}) + 2 (4 x^{3})$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4} + 4 x^{3}) + 2 (4 x) + 2 (- 6 x^{2}) + 2 (- 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.1.7

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{4} + 4 x^{3}) + 2 (4 x)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4} + 4 x^{3} + 4 x) + 2 (- 6 x^{2}) + 2 (- 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.1.8

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{4} + 4 x^{3} + 4 x) + 2 (- 6 x^{2})$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4} + 4 x^{3} + 4 x - 6 x^{2}) + 2 (- 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.1.9

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{4} + 4 x^{3} + 4 x - 6 x^{2}) + 2 (- 1)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4} + 4 x^{3} + 4 x - 6 x^{2} - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.4.2

Reorder terms.

$- \frac{2 (- x^{4} + 4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 4 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x^{4}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4}) + 4 x^{3} - 6 x^{2} + 4 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $4 x^{3}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4}) - (- 4 x^{3}) - 6 x^{2} + 4 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.7

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{4}) - (- 4 x^{3})$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3}) - 6 x^{2} + 4 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.8

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 6 x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3}) - (6 x^{2}) + 4 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.9

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3}) - (6 x^{2})$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2}) + 4 x - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.10

Factor $- 1$ out of $4 x$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2}) - (- 4 x) - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.11

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2}) - (- 4 x)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x) - 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.12

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x) - 1 (1))}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.13

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x) - 1 (1)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1))}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.14

Rewrite $- (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1)$ as $- 1 (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1)$ .

$- \frac{2 (- 1 (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1))}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.15

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- - \frac{2 (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.16

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$1 \frac{2 (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 2.13.17

Multiply $\frac{2 (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$ by $1$ .

$f'' (x) = \frac{2 (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$

Step 3

The second derivative of $f (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{2 (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{4} - 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 4 x + 1)}{{(- x + 1)}^{4}}$