Calculus Examples

$y = x \sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}$ as ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$y = x {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate both sides of the equation.

$\frac{d}{d y} (y) = \frac{d}{d y} (x {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Step 3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d y} [y^{n}]$ is $n y^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1$

Step 4

Differentiate the right side of the equation.

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Step 4.1

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d y} [f (y) g (y)]$ is $f (y) \frac{d}{d y} [g (y)] + g (y) \frac{d}{d y} [f (y)]$ where $f (y) = x$ and $g (y) = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x \frac{d}{d y} [{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d y} [f (g (y))]$ is $f' (g (y)) g' (y)$ where $f (y) = y^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (y) = 1 - x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $1 - x^{2}$ .

$x (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {u_{1}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $1 - x^{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.3

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.4

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.6

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.6.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.6.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.7

Differentiate.

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Step 4.7.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x (\frac{1}{2} {(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.7.2

Combine fractions.

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Step 4.7.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$x (\frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.7.2.2

Move ${(1 - x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$x (\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.7.2.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [1 - x^{2}] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.7.3

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x^{2}$ with respect to $y$ is $\frac{d}{d y} [1] + \frac{d}{d y} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d y} [1] + \frac{d}{d y} [- x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.7.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $y$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $y$ is $0$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (0 + \frac{d}{d y} [- x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.7.5

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d y} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [- x^{2}] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.7.6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $y$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $y$ is $- \frac{d}{d y} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- \frac{d}{d y} [x^{2}]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.8

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d y} [f (g (y))]$ is $f' (g (y)) g' (y)$ where $f (y) = y^{2}$ and $g (y) = x$ .

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Step 4.8.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $x$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}] \frac{d}{d y} [x])) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.8.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- (2 u_{2} \frac{d}{d y} [x])) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.8.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $x$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- (2 x \frac{d}{d y} [x])) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.9

Combine fractions.

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Step 4.9.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (- 2 (x \frac{d}{d y} [x])) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.9.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x \frac{d}{d y} [x]) + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.9.3

Combine $x$ and $\frac{- 2 x}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{x (- 2 x)}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.10

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- 2 (x^{1} x)}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.11

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{- 2 (x^{1} x^{1})}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.12

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{- 2 x^{1 + 1}}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.13

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2}}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.14

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{2})}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.15

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 4.15.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{2})}{2 ({(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.15.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (- x^{2})}{2 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.15.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.16

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d y} [x] + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.17

Rewrite $\frac{d}{d y} [x]$ as $x'$ .

$- \frac{x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} x' + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.18

Combine $x'$ and $\frac{x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$- \frac{x' x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d y} [x]$

Step 4.19

Rewrite $\frac{d}{d y} [x]$ as $x'$ .

$- \frac{x' x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x'$

Step 4.20

Reorder factors in $- \frac{x' x^{2}}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x'$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x'$

Step 5

Reform the equation by setting the left side equal to the right side.

$1 = - \frac{x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x'$

Step 6

Solve for $x'$ .

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Step 6.1

Rewrite the equation as $- \frac{x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' = 1$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' = 1$

Step 6.2

Find the LCD of the terms in the equation.

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Step 6.2.1

Finding the LCD of a list of values is the same as finding the LCM of the denominators of those values.

${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}, 1, 1$

Step 6.2.2

The LCM of one and any expression is the expression.

${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3

Multiply each term in $- \frac{x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' = 1$ by ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ to eliminate the fractions.

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Step 6.3.1

Multiply each term in $- \frac{x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' = 1$ by ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- \frac{x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 6.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.3.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor of ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 6.3.2.1.1.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{- x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- x^{2} x'}{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- x^{2} x' + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.2

Multiply ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.3.2.1.2.1

Move ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$- x^{2} x' + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- x^{2} x' + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.2.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- x^{2} x' + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.2.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- x^{2} x' + {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{2}{2}} x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.2.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$- x^{2} x' + {(1 - x^{2})}^{1} x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.3

Simplify ${(1 - x^{2})}^{1} x'$ .

$- x^{2} x' + (1 - x^{2}) x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$- x^{2} x' + 1 x' - x^{2} x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.1.5

Multiply $x'$ by $1$ .

$- x^{2} x' + x' - x^{2} x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.2.2

Subtract $x^{2} x'$ from $- x^{2} x'$ .

$- 2 x^{2} x' + x' = 1 {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 6.3.3.1

Multiply ${(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $1$ .

$- 2 x^{2} x' + x' = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.4

Solve the equation.

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Step 6.4.1

Factor $x'$ out of $- 2 x^{2} x' + x'$ .

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Step 6.4.1.1

Factor $x'$ out of $- 2 x^{2} x'$ .

$x' (- 2 x^{2}) + x' = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.4.1.2

Raise $x'$ to the power of $1$ .

$x' (- 2 x^{2}) + x' = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.4.1.3

Factor $x'$ out of ${x'}^{1}$ .

$x' (- 2 x^{2}) + x' \cdot 1 = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.4.1.4

Factor $x'$ out of $x' (- 2 x^{2}) + x' \cdot 1$ .

$x' (- 2 x^{2} + 1) = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

Step 6.4.2

Divide each term in $x' (- 2 x^{2} + 1) = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $- 2 x^{2} + 1$ and simplify.

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Step 6.4.2.1

Divide each term in $x' (- 2 x^{2} + 1) = {(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by $- 2 x^{2} + 1$ .

$\frac{x' (- 2 x^{2} + 1)}{- 2 x^{2} + 1} = \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- 2 x^{2} + 1}$

Step 6.4.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 6.4.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 2 x^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 6.4.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x' (- 2 x^{2} + 1)}{- 2 x^{2} + 1} = \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- 2 x^{2} + 1}$

Step 6.4.2.2.1.2

Divide $x'$ by $1$ .

$x' = \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- 2 x^{2} + 1}$

Step 6.4.2.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 6.4.2.3.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$x' = \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- (2 x^{2}) + 1}$

Step 6.4.2.3.2

Rewrite $1$ as $- 1 (- 1)$ .

$x' = \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- (2 x^{2}) - 1 (- 1)}$

Step 6.4.2.3.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (2 x^{2}) - 1 (- 1)$ .

$x' = \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- (2 x^{2} - 1)}$

Step 6.4.2.3.4

Rewrite negatives.

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Step 6.4.2.3.4.1

Rewrite $- (2 x^{2} - 1)$ as $- 1 (2 x^{2} - 1)$ .

$x' = \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{- 1 (2 x^{2} - 1)}$

Step 6.4.2.3.4.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x' = - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{2} - 1}$

Step 7

Replace $x'$ with $\frac{d x}{d y}$ .

$\frac{d x}{d y} = - \frac{{(1 - x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2 x^{2} - 1}$