Calculus Examples

$\int x (3 x + 2) (x - 3) d x$

Step 1

Let $u = x - 3$ . Then $d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 1.1

Let $u = x - 3$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Differentiate $x - 3$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x - 3]$

Step 1.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 3$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$

Step 1.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 3]$

Step 1.1.4

Since $- 3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 3$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 1.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

$1$

Step 1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int (u + 3) (3 (u + 3) + 2) u d u$

$\int (u + 3) (3 (u + 3) + 2) u d u$

Step 2

Simplify.

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Step 2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u + 3) (3 u + 3 \cdot 3 + 2) u d u$

Step 2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u (3 u + 3 \cdot 3 + 2) + 3 (3 u + 3 \cdot 3 + 2)) u d u$

Step 2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u (3 u + 3 \cdot 3) + u \cdot 2 + 3 (3 u + 3 \cdot 3 + 2)) u d u$

Step 2.4

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u (3 u) + u (3 \cdot 3) + u \cdot 2 + 3 (3 u + 3 \cdot 3 + 2)) u d u$

Step 2.5

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u (3 u) + u (3 \cdot 3) + u \cdot 2 + 3 (3 u + 3 \cdot 3) + 3 \cdot 2) u d u$

Step 2.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u (3 u) + u (3 \cdot 3) + u \cdot 2 + 3 (3 u) + 3 (3 \cdot 3) + 3 \cdot 2) u d u$

Step 2.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u (3 u) + u (3 \cdot 3) + u \cdot 2) u + (3 (3 u) + 3 (3 \cdot 3) + 3 \cdot 2) u d u$

Step 2.8

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (u (3 u) + u (3 \cdot 3)) u + u \cdot 2 u + (3 (3 u) + 3 (3 \cdot 3) + 3 \cdot 2) u d u$

Step 2.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\int u (3 u) u + u (3 \cdot 3) u + u \cdot 2 u + (3 (3 u) + 3 (3 \cdot 3) + 3 \cdot 2) u d u$

Step 2.10

Apply the distributive property.

$\int u (3 u) u + u (3 \cdot 3) u + u \cdot 2 u + (3 (3 u) + 3 (3 \cdot 3)) u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.11

Apply the distributive property.

$\int u (3 u) u + u (3 \cdot 3) u + u \cdot 2 u + 3 (3 u) u + 3 (3 \cdot 3) u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.12

Reorder $u$ and $3$ .

$\int 3 \cdot u \cdot u \cdot u + u (3 \cdot 3) u + u \cdot 2 u + 3 (3 u) u + 3 (3 \cdot 3) u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.13

Move $u$ .

$\int 3 \cdot u \cdot u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + u \cdot 2 u + 3 (3 u) u + 3 (3 \cdot 3) u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.14

Reorder $u$ and $2$ .

$\int 3 \cdot u \cdot u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 2 \cdot u \cdot u + 3 (3 u) u + 3 (3 \cdot 3) u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.15

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 (u^{1} u) u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.16

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 (u^{1} u^{1}) u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.17

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int 3 u^{1 + 1} u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.18

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{2} u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.19

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 (u^{2} u^{1}) + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.20

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int 3 u^{2 + 1} + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.21

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.22

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 u \cdot u + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.23

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 (u^{1} u) + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.24

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 (u^{1} u^{1}) + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.25

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 u^{1 + 1} + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.26

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 u^{2} + 2 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.27

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 u^{2} + 2 (u^{1} u) + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.28

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 u^{2} + 2 (u^{1} u^{1}) + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.29

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 u^{2} + 2 u^{1 + 1} + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.30

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 9 u^{2} + 2 u^{2} + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.31

Add $9 u^{2}$ and $2 u^{2}$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 3 \cdot 3 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.32

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 u \cdot u + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.33

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 (u^{1} u) + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.34

Raise $u$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 (u^{1} u^{1}) + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.35

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 u^{1 + 1} + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.36

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 u^{2} + 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.37

Multiply $3$ by $3$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 u^{2} + 9 \cdot 3 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.38

Multiply $9$ by $3$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 u^{2} + 27 u + 3 \cdot 2 u d u$

Step 2.39

Multiply $3$ by $2$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 u^{2} + 27 u + 6 u d u$

Step 2.40

Add $27 u$ and $6 u$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 11 u^{2} + 9 u^{2} + 33 u d u$

Step 2.41

Add $11 u^{2}$ and $9 u^{2}$ .

$\int 3 u^{3} + 20 u^{2} + 33 u d u$

$\int 3 u^{3} + 20 u^{2} + 33 u d u$

Step 3

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int 3 u^{3} d u + \int 20 u^{2} d u + \int 33 u d u$

Step 4

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$3 \int u^{3} d u + \int 20 u^{2} d u + \int 33 u d u$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{3}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{4} u^{4}$ .

$3 (\frac{1}{4} u^{4} + C) + \int 20 u^{2} d u + \int 33 u d u$

Step 6

Since $20$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $20$ out of the integral.

$3 (\frac{1}{4} u^{4} + C) + 20 \int u^{2} d u + \int 33 u d u$

Step 7

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{2}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{3} u^{3}$ .

$3 (\frac{1}{4} u^{4} + C) + 20 (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C) + \int 33 u d u$

Step 8

Since $33$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $33$ out of the integral.

$3 (\frac{1}{4} u^{4} + C) + 20 (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C) + 33 \int u d u$

Step 9

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{2} u^{2}$ .

$3 (\frac{1}{4} u^{4} + C) + 20 (\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C) + 33 (\frac{1}{2} u^{2} + C)$

Step 10

Simplify.

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Step 10.1

Simplify.

$\frac{3 u^{4}}{4} + \frac{20 u^{3}}{3} + 33 (\frac{1}{2} u^{2}) + C$

Step 10.2

Simplify.

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Step 10.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $u^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 u^{4}}{4} + \frac{20 u^{3}}{3} + 33 \frac{u^{2}}{2} + C$

Step 10.2.2

Combine $33$ and $\frac{u^{2}}{2}$ .

$\frac{3 u^{4}}{4} + \frac{20 u^{3}}{3} + \frac{33 u^{2}}{2} + C$

$\frac{3 u^{4}}{4} + \frac{20 u^{3}}{3} + \frac{33 u^{2}}{2} + C$

$\frac{3 u^{4}}{4} + \frac{20 u^{3}}{3} + \frac{33 u^{2}}{2} + C$

Step 11

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x - 3$ .

$\frac{3 {(x - 3)}^{4}}{4} + \frac{20 {(x - 3)}^{3}}{3} + \frac{33 {(x - 3)}^{2}}{2} + C$

Step 12

Reorder terms.

$\frac{3}{4} {(x - 3)}^{4} + \frac{20}{3} {(x - 3)}^{3} + \frac{33}{2} {(x - 3)}^{2} + C$

$[\begin{array}{c} x^{2} & \frac{1}{2} \\ \sqrt{π} & \int x d x \end{array}]$