Calculus Examples

$\frac{{(x - 1)}^{3}}{2 x^{2}}$

Step 1

Write $\frac{{(x - 1)}^{3}}{2 x^{2}}$ as a function.

$f (x) = \frac{{(x - 1)}^{3}}{2 x^{2}}$

Step 2

The function $F (x)$ can be found by finding the indefinite integral of the derivative $f (x)$ .

$F (x) = \int f (x) d x$

Step 3

Set up the integral to solve.

$F (x) = \int \frac{{(x - 1)}^{3}}{2 x^{2}} d x$

Step 4

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(x - 1)}^{3}}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 5

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 5.1

Move $x^{2}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(x - 1)}^{3} {(x^{2})}^{- 1} d x$

Step 5.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 5.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(x - 1)}^{3} x^{2 \cdot - 1} d x$

Step 5.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(x - 1)}^{3} x^{- 2} d x$

Step 6

Let $u_{1} = x - 1$ . Then $d u_{1} = d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{1}$ and $d$ $u_{1}$ .

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Step 6.1

Let $u_{1} = x - 1$ . Find $\frac{d u_{1}}{d x}$ .

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Step 6.1.1

Differentiate $x - 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x - 1]$

Step 6.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x - 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 6.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- 1]$

Step 6.1.4

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 6.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 6.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{1}$ and $d u_{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {u_{1}}^{3} {(u_{1} + 1)}^{- 2} d u_{1}$

Step 7

Let $u_{2} = u_{1} + 1$ . Then $d u_{2} = d u_{1}$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 7.1

Let $u_{2} = u_{1} + 1$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d u_{1}}$ .

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Step 7.1.1

Differentiate $u_{1} + 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1} + 1]$

Step 7.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $u_{1} + 1$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}] + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [1]$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [u_{1}] + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [1]$

Step 7.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [{u_{1}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{1}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d u_{1}} [1]$

Step 7.1.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $u_{1}$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 7.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 7.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(u_{2} - 1)}^{3} {u_{2}}^{- 2} d u_{2}$

Step 8

Let $u_{3} = {u_{2}}^{2}$ . Then $d u_{3} = 2 u_{2} d u_{2}$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u_{3} = u_{2} d u_{2}$ . Rewrite using $u_{3}$ and $d$ $u_{3}$ .

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Step 8.1

Let $u_{3} = {u_{2}}^{2}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{3}}{d u_{2}}$ .

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Step 8.1.1

Differentiate ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}]$

Step 8.1.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$2 u_{2}$

Step 8.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{3}$ and $d u_{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int {(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3} {\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3} \frac{1}{2} d u_{3}$

Step 9

Simplify.

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Step 9.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3}}{2} {\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3} d u_{3}$

Step 9.2

Combine $\frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3}}{2}$ and ${\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3} {\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3}}{2} d u_{3}$

Step 9.3

Move ${\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{- 3}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3}}{2 {\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{3}} d u_{3}$

Step 9.4

Rewrite ${\sqrt{u_{3}}}^{3}$ as $\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3}}{2 \sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}} d u_{3}$

Step 10

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3}}{\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}} d u_{3})$

Step 11

Simplify the expression.

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Step 11.1

Simplify.

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Step 11.1.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3}}{\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}} d u_{3}$

Step 11.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int \frac{{(\sqrt{u_{3}} - 1)}^{3}}{\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}} d u_{3}$

Step 11.2

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 11.2.1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{u_{3}}$ as ${u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int \frac{{({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1)}^{3}}{\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}} d u_{3}$

Step 11.2.2

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{{u_{3}}^{3}}$ as ${u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int \frac{{({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1)}^{3}}{{u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}}} d u_{3}$

Step 11.2.3

Move ${u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1)}^{3} {({u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}})}^{- 1} d u_{3}$

Step 11.2.4

Multiply the exponents in ${({u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 11.2.4.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1)}^{3} {u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2} \cdot - 1} d u_{3}$

Step 11.2.4.2

Multiply $\frac{3}{2} \cdot - 1$ .

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Step 11.2.4.2.1

Combine $\frac{3}{2}$ and $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1)}^{3} {u_{3}}^{\frac{3 \cdot - 1}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 11.2.4.2.2

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1)}^{3} {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 11.2.4.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} - 1)}^{3} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12

Simplify.

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Step 12.1

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\frac{1}{4} \int ({({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{3} + 3 {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.2

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{4} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} + 3 {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.3

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{4} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 {({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.4

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{4} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot - 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.5

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{4} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot - 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- - 1) + {(- 1)}^{3}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.6

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\frac{1}{4} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot - 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- - 1) - {(- 1)}^{2}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.7

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

Step 12.8

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{4} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot - 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- - 1)) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{4} \int ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot - 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- - 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.10

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 ({u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}) \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- - 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.11

Move ${u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- - 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.12

Move ${u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} (- - 1) {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.13

Move ${u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.14

Move parentheses.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.15

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.16

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.17

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.18

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 12.18.1

Cancel the common factor.

Step 12.18.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{1} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.19

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{4} \int u_{3} \cdot {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.20

Raise $u_{3}$ to the power of $1$ .

Step 12.21

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{1 + \frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.22

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.23

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 + 1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.24

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.25

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{3}{2} - \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.26

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{3 - 3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.27

Subtract $3$ from $3$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{0}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.28

Cancel the common factor of $0$ and $2$ .

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Step 12.28.1

Factor $2$ out of $0$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 (0)}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.28.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 12.28.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 \cdot 0}{2 \cdot 1}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.28.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

Step 12.28.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{\frac{0}{1}} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.28.2.4

Divide $0$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int {u_{3}}^{0} + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.29

Anything raised to $0$ is $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 + 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.30

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.31

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.32

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.33

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.34

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 12.34.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.34.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{1} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.35

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 u_{3} \cdot {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.36

Raise $u_{3}$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 ({u_{3}}^{1} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}}) + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.37

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{1 - \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.38

Write $1$ as a fraction with a common denominator.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2}{2} - \frac{3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.39

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 - 3}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.40

Subtract $3$ from $2$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.41

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} - 3 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.42

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.43

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2} - \frac{3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.44

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1 - 3}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.45

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 2}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.46

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $2$ .

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Step 12.46.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.46.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 12.46.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 (1)}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.46.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 1}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.46.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{1}} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.46.2.4

Divide $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} - - 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.47

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 1 \cdot - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.48

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 1 - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.49

Reorder $1$ and $- 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 1 + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.50

Move $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} + 1 - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.51

Reorder $- 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}}$ and $3 {u_{3}}^{- 1}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 1 - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3}$

Step 12.52

Move $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} + 1 d u_{3}$

Step 12.53

Move $- 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} - 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 1 d u_{3}$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Rewrite $- 1 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}}$ as $- {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} - {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - 3 {u_{3}}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} + 1 d u_{3}$

Step 13.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{4} \int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} - {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} - 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} + 1 d u_{3}$

Step 14

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{4} (\int 3 {u_{3}}^{- 1} d u_{3} + \int - {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int - 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 15

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \int {u_{3}}^{- 1} d u_{3} + \int - {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int - 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 16

The integral of ${u_{3}}^{- 1}$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $\ln (| u_{3} |)$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) + \int - {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int - 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 17

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) - \int {u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}} d u_{3} + \int - 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 18

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{3}}^{- \frac{3}{2}}$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $- 2 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) - (- 2 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} + C) + \int - 3 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 19

Since $- 3$ is constant with respect to $u_{3}$ , move $- 3$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) - (- 2 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} + C) - 3 \int {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} d u_{3} + \int d u_{3})$

Step 20

By the Power Rule, the integral of ${u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ with respect to $u_{3}$ is $2 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) - (- 2 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} + C) - 3 (2 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C) + \int d u_{3})$

Step 21

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 (\ln (| u_{3} |) + C) - (- 2 {u_{3}}^{- \frac{1}{2}} + C) - 3 (2 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + C) + u_{3} + C)$

Step 22

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| u_{3} |) + \frac{2}{{u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {u_{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} + u_{3}) + C$

Step 23

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 23.1

Replace all occurrences of $u_{3}$ with ${u_{2}}^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| {u_{2}}^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{({u_{2}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({u_{2}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {u_{2}}^{2}) + C$

Step 23.2

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $u_{1} + 1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| {(u_{1} + 1)}^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{({(u_{1} + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({(u_{1} + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(u_{1} + 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 23.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x - 1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 24

Simplify.

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Step 24.1

Combine the opposite terms in $3 \ln (| {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2}$ .

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Step 24.1.1

Add $- 1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| {(x + 0)}^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 24.1.2

Add $x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| x^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 24.1.3

Add $- 1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| x^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{({(x + 0)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 24.1.4

Add $x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| x^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({(x - 1 + 1)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 24.1.5

Add $- 1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| x^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {({(x + 0)}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 24.1.6

Add $x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| x^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x - 1 + 1)}^{2}) + C$

Step 24.1.7

Add $- 1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| x^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + {(x + 0)}^{2}) + C$

Step 24.1.8

Add $x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (| x^{2} |) + \frac{2}{{(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 24.2.1

Remove non-negative terms from the absolute value.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{{(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} - 6 {(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.2

Simplify the denominator.

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Step 24.2.2.1

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 24.2.2.1.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{x^{2 (\frac{1}{2})}} - 6 {(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 24.2.2.1.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{x^{2 (\frac{1}{2})}} - 6 {(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.2.1.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{x^{1}} - 6 {(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.2.2

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{x} - 6 {(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.3

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 24.2.3.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{x} - 6 x^{2 (\frac{1}{2})} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.3.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 24.2.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{x} - 6 x^{2 (\frac{1}{2})} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.3.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{x} - 6 x^{1} + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.2.4

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{2}{x} - 6 x + x^{2}) + C$

Step 24.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2})) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{4} (- 6 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4

Simplify.

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Step 24.4.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{4} (3 \ln (x^{2}))$ .

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Step 24.4.1.1

Combine $3$ and $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\frac{3}{4} \ln (x^{2}) + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{4} (- 6 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.1.2

Combine $\frac{3}{4}$ and $\ln (x^{2})$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{4} (- 6 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 24.4.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 (2)} \cdot \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{4} (- 6 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} \cdot \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{4} (- 6 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{4} (- 6 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.3

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{1}{x}$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{1}{4} (- 6 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.4

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 24.4.4.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{1}{2 (2)} (- 6 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.4.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 6 x$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{1}{2 (2)} (2 (- 3 x)) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.4.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{1}{2 \cdot 2} (2 (- 3 x)) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.4.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{1}{2} (- 3 x) + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.5

Combine $- 3$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{- 3}{2} x + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.6

Combine $\frac{- 3}{2}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{- 3 x}{2} + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 24.4.7

Combine $\frac{1}{4}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 \ln (x^{2})}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{- 3 x}{2} + \frac{x^{2}}{4} + C$

Step 24.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 24.5.1

Expand $\ln (x^{2})$ by moving $2$ outside the logarithm.

$\frac{3 (2 \ln (x))}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{- 3 x}{2} + \frac{x^{2}}{4} + C$

Step 24.5.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ and $4$ .

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Step 24.5.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $3 (2 \ln (x))$ .

$\frac{2 (3 (\ln (x)))}{4} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{- 3 x}{2} + \frac{x^{2}}{4} + C$

Step 24.5.2.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 24.5.2.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\frac{2 (3 (\ln (x)))}{2 \cdot 2} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{- 3 x}{2} + \frac{x^{2}}{4} + C$

Step 24.5.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{2 (3 (\ln (x)))}{2 \cdot 2} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{- 3 x}{2} + \frac{x^{2}}{4} + C$

Step 24.5.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 (\ln (x))}{2} + \frac{1}{2 x} + \frac{- 3 x}{2} + \frac{x^{2}}{4} + C$

Step 24.5.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{3 \ln (x)}{2} + \frac{1}{2 x} - \frac{3 x}{2} + \frac{x^{2}}{4} + C$

Step 25

Reorder terms.

$\frac{3}{2} \ln (x) + \frac{1}{2 x} - \frac{3}{2} x + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$

Step 26

The answer is the antiderivative of the function $f (x) = \frac{{(x - 1)}^{3}}{2 x^{2}}$ .

$F (x) =$ $\frac{3}{2} \ln (x) + \frac{1}{2 x} - \frac{3}{2} x + \frac{1}{4} x^{2} + C$