Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{{(x^{2} - 1)}^{3}}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 1

Move $x^{2}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\int {(x^{2} - 1)}^{3} {(x^{2})}^{- 1} d x$

Step 2

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int {(x^{2} - 1)}^{3} x^{2 \cdot - 1} d x$

Step 2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\int {(x^{2} - 1)}^{3} x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3

Expand ${(x^{2} - 1)}^{3} x^{- 2}$ .

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Step 3.1

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\int ({(x^{2})}^{3} + 3 {(x^{2})}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 x^{2} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.2

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{2} {(x^{2})}^{2} + 3 {(x^{2})}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 x^{2} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.3

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{2} (x^{2} x^{2}) + 3 {(x^{2})}^{2} \cdot - 1 + 3 x^{2} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.4

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{2} (x^{2} x^{2}) + 3 (x^{2} x^{2}) \cdot - 1 + 3 x^{2} {(- 1)}^{2} + {(- 1)}^{3}) x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.5

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{2} (x^{2} x^{2}) + 3 (x^{2} x^{2}) \cdot - 1 + 3 x^{2} (- - 1) + {(- 1)}^{3}) x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.6

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{2} (x^{2} x^{2}) + 3 (x^{2} x^{2}) \cdot - 1 + 3 x^{2} (- - 1) - {(- 1)}^{2}) x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.7

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{2} (x^{2} x^{2}) + 3 (x^{2} x^{2}) \cdot - 1 + 3 x^{2} (- - 1) - - - 1) x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.8

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (x^{2} (x^{2} x^{2}) + 3 (x^{2} x^{2}) \cdot - 1 + 3 x^{2} (- - 1)) x^{- 2} - - - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (x^{2} (x^{2} x^{2}) + 3 (x^{2} x^{2}) \cdot - 1) x^{- 2} + 3 x^{2} (- - 1) x^{- 2} - - - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.10

Apply the distributive property.

$\int x^{2} (x^{2} x^{2}) x^{- 2} + 3 (x^{2} x^{2}) \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} + 3 x^{2} (- - 1) x^{- 2} - - - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.11

Move $x^{2}$ .

$\int x^{2} x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 x^{2} \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 x^{2} (- - 1) x^{- 2} - - - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.12

Move $x^{2}$ .

$\int x^{2} x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 x^{2} (- - 1) x^{- 2} - - - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.13

Move $x^{2}$ .

$\int x^{2} x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.14

Move parentheses.

$\int x^{2} x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.15

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{2 + 2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.16

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\int x^{4} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.17

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{4 + 2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.18

Add $4$ and $2$ .

$\int x^{6} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.19

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6 - 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.20

Subtract $2$ from $6$ .

$\int x^{4} + 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.21

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} x^{2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.22

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2 + 2} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.23

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{4} x^{- 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.24

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{4 - 2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.25

Subtract $2$ from $4$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.26

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} - 3 \cdot - 1 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.27

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x^{2} x^{- 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.28

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x^{2 - 2} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.29

Subtract $2$ from $2$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 3 x^{0} - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.30

Anything raised to $0$ is $1$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 3 \cdot 1 - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.31

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 3 - - 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.32

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 3 + 1 \cdot - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.33

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} + 3 - 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 3.34

Move $3$ .

$\int x^{4} - 3 x^{2} - 1 x^{- 2} + 3 d x$

Step 4

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int x^{4} d x + \int - 3 x^{2} d x + \int - 1 x^{- 2} d x + \int 3 d x$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{4}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{5} x^{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C + \int - 3 x^{2} d x + \int - 1 x^{- 2} d x + \int 3 d x$

Step 6

Since $- 3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 3$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 3 \int x^{2} d x + \int - 1 x^{- 2} d x + \int 3 d x$

Step 7

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 3 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + \int - 1 x^{- 2} d x + \int 3 d x$

Step 8

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 3 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) - \int x^{- 2} d x + \int 3 d x$

Step 9

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- x^{- 1}$ .

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 3 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) - (- x^{- 1} + C) + \int 3 d x$

Step 10

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 3 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) - (- x^{- 1} + C) + 3 x + C$

Step 11

Simplify.

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Step 11.1

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C - 3 (\frac{x^{3}}{3} + C) - (- x^{- 1} + C) + 3 x + C$

Step 11.2

Simplify.

$\frac{x^{5}}{5} - x^{3} + \frac{1}{x} + 3 x + C$

Step 11.3

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{5} x^{5} - x^{3} + \frac{1}{x} + 3 x + C$