Calculus Examples

$y = (1 + a t) {(c t)}^{- 2}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [f (t) g (t)]$ is $f (t) \frac{d}{d t} [g (t)] + g (t) \frac{d}{d t} [f (t)]$ where $f (t) = 1 + a t$ and $g (t) = {(c t)}^{- 2}$ .

$(1 + a t) \frac{d}{d t} [{(c t)}^{- 2}] + {(c t)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 + a t]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [f (g (t))]$ is $f' (g (t)) g' (t)$ where $f (t) = t^{- 2}$ and $g (t) = c t$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $c t$ .

$(1 + a t) (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{- 2}] \frac{d}{d t} [c t]) + {(c t)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 + a t]$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = - 2$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 u^{- 3} \frac{d}{d t} [c t]) + {(c t)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 + a t]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $c t$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} \frac{d}{d t} [c t]) + {(c t)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 + a t]$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

Since $c$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $c t$ with respect to $t$ is $c \frac{d}{d t} [t]$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} (c \frac{d}{d t} [t])) + {(c t)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 + a t]$

Step 3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [t^{n}]$ is $n t^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} (c \cdot 1)) + {(c t)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 + a t]$

Step 3.3

Multiply $c$ by $1$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} c) + {(c t)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d t} [1 + a t]$

Step 3.4

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + a t$ with respect to $t$ is $\frac{d}{d t} [1] + \frac{d}{d t} [a t]$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} c) + {(c t)}^{- 2} (\frac{d}{d t} [1] + \frac{d}{d t} [a t])$

Step 3.5

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $t$ is $0$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} c) + {(c t)}^{- 2} (0 + \frac{d}{d t} [a t])$

Step 3.6

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d t} [a t]$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} c) + {(c t)}^{- 2} \frac{d}{d t} [a t]$

Step 3.7

Since $a$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $a t$ with respect to $t$ is $a \frac{d}{d t} [t]$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} c) + {(c t)}^{- 2} (a \frac{d}{d t} [t])$

Step 3.8

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [t^{n}]$ is $n t^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} c) + {(c t)}^{- 2} a \cdot 1$

Step 3.9

Multiply ${(c t)}^{- 2}$ by $1$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 {(c t)}^{- 3} c) + a \cdot {(c t)}^{- 2}$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Apply the product rule to $c t$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 (c^{- 3} t^{- 3}) c) + a {(c t)}^{- 2}$

Step 4.2

Apply the product rule to $c t$ .

$(1 + a t) (- 2 (c^{- 3} t^{- 3}) c) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$1 (- 2 (c^{- 3} t^{- 3}) c) + a t (- 2 (c^{- 3} t^{- 3}) c) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4

Combine terms.

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Step 4.4.1

Raise $c$ to the power of $1$ .

$1 (- 2 (c^{1} c^{- 3}) t^{- 3}) + a t (- 2 (c^{- 3} t^{- 3}) c) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$1 (- 2 c^{1 - 3} t^{- 3}) + a t (- 2 (c^{- 3} t^{- 3}) c) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.3

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$1 (- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3}) + a t (- 2 (c^{- 3} t^{- 3}) c) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.4

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$- 2 (c^{- 2} t^{- 3}) + a t (- 2 (c^{- 3} t^{- 3}) c) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.5

Raise $c$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3} + a t (- 2 (c^{1} c^{- 3}) t^{- 3}) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.6

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3} + a t (- 2 c^{1 - 3} t^{- 3}) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.7

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3} + a t (- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3}) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.8

Raise $t$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3} + a (- 2 c^{- 2} (t^{1} t^{- 3})) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.9

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3} + a (- 2 c^{- 2} t^{1 - 3}) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.10

Subtract $3$ from $1$ .

$- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3} + a (- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 2}) + a (c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$

Step 4.4.11

Add $a (- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 2})$ and $a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$ .

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Step 4.4.11.1

Reorder $a$ and $- 2$ .

$- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3} - 2 \cdot a c^{- 2} t^{- 2} + a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.4.11.2

Add $- 2 \cdot a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$ and $a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$ .

$- 2 c^{- 2} t^{- 3} - a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.5

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.5.1

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- 2 \frac{1}{c^{2}} t^{- 3} - a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.5.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{c^{2}}$ .

$\frac{- 2}{c^{2}} t^{- 3} - a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.5.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{2}{c^{2}} t^{- 3} - a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.5.4

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{2}{c^{2}} \cdot \frac{1}{t^{3}} - a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.5.5

Multiply $\frac{1}{t^{3}}$ by $\frac{2}{c^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{2}{t^{3} c^{2}} - a c^{- 2} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.5.6

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{2}{t^{3} c^{2}} - a \frac{1}{c^{2}} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.5.7

Combine $\frac{1}{c^{2}}$ and $a$ .

$- \frac{2}{t^{3} c^{2}} - \frac{a}{c^{2}} t^{- 2}$

Step 4.5.8

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$- \frac{2}{t^{3} c^{2}} - \frac{a}{c^{2}} \cdot \frac{1}{t^{2}}$

Step 4.5.9

Multiply $\frac{1}{t^{2}}$ by $\frac{a}{c^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{2}{t^{3} c^{2}} - \frac{a}{t^{2} c^{2}}$