Calculus Examples

$\frac{{(x + 1)}^{2}}{x^{2} + 8}$

Step 1

Differentiate using the Quotient Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{f (x)}{g (x)}]$ is $\frac{g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)] - f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)]}{{g (x)}^{2}}$ where $f (x) = {(x + 1)}^{2}$ and $g (x) = x^{2} + 8$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 8) \frac{d}{d x} [{(x + 1)}^{2}] - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = x + 1$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u$ as $x + 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 8) (\frac{d}{d u} [u^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [x + 1]) - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u} [u^{n}]$ is $n u^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 8) (2 u \frac{d}{d x} [x + 1]) - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x + 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 8) (2 (x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 1]) - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3

Differentiate.

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Step 3.1

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{2} + 8$ .

$\frac{2 \cdot (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) \frac{d}{d x} [x + 1] - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) (\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) (1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]) - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) (1 + 0) - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.5

Simplify the expression.

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Step 3.5.1

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) \cdot 1 - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.5.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) - {(x + 1)}^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} + 8]}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.6

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x^{2} + 8$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [8]$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) - {(x + 1)}^{2} (\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + \frac{d}{d x} [8])}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.7

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) - {(x + 1)}^{2} (2 x + \frac{d}{d x} [8])}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.8

Since $8$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $8$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) - {(x + 1)}^{2} (2 x + 0)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.9

Simplify the expression.

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Step 3.9.1

Add $2 x$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) - {(x + 1)}^{2} (2 x)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 3.9.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{2} + 8) (x + 1) - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(2 x^{2} + 2 \cdot 8) (x + 1) - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.2.1.1

Multiply $2$ by $8$ .

$\frac{(2 x^{2} + 16) (x + 1) - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.2

Expand $(2 x^{2} + 16) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 4.2.1.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} (x + 1) + 16 (x + 1) - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.2.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} x + 2 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 16 (x + 1) - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.2.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{2} x + 2 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 16 x + 16 \cdot 1 - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.3

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.2.1.3.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.2.1.3.1.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 (x \cdot x^{2}) + 2 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 16 x + 16 \cdot 1 - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.3.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.2.1.3.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 (x^{1} x^{2}) + 2 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 16 x + 16 \cdot 1 - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.3.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{1 + 2} + 2 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 16 x + 16 \cdot 1 - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.3.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} \cdot 1 + 16 x + 16 \cdot 1 - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 \cdot 1 - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.3.3

Multiply $16$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 {(x + 1)}^{2} x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.4

Rewrite ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ as $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 ((x + 1) (x + 1)) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.5

Expand $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 4.2.1.5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 (x + 1)) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.5.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.6

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 4.2.1.6.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.2.1.6.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x^{2} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.6.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x^{2} + x + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.6.1.3

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x^{2} + x + x + 1 \cdot 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.6.1.4

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x^{2} + x + x + 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.6.2

Add $x$ and $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.7

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 + (- 2 x^{2} - 2 (2 x) - 2 \cdot 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.8

Simplify.

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Step 4.2.1.8.1

Multiply $2$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 + (- 2 x^{2} - 4 x - 2 \cdot 1) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.8.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 + (- 2 x^{2} - 4 x - 2) x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 x^{2} x - 4 x \cdot x - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.10

Simplify.

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Step 4.2.1.10.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.2.1.10.1.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x \cdot x^{2}) - 4 x \cdot x - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.10.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.2.1.10.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 (x^{1} x^{2}) - 4 x \cdot x - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.10.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 x^{1 + 2} - 4 x \cdot x - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.10.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 x^{3} - 4 x \cdot x - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.10.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.2.1.10.2.1

Move $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 x^{3} - 4 (x \cdot x) - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.1.10.2.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$\frac{2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $2 x^{3} + 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 x^{3} - 4 x^{2} - 2 x$ .

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Step 4.2.2.1

Subtract $2 x^{3}$ from $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 + 0 - 4 x^{2} - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.2.2

Add $2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16$ and $0$ .

$\frac{2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 4 x^{2} - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.3

Subtract $4 x^{2}$ from $2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 16 x + 16 - 2 x}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.2.4

Subtract $2 x$ from $16 x$ .

$\frac{- 2 x^{2} + 14 x + 16}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 4.3.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{2} + 14 x + 16$ .

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Step 4.3.1.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2 x^{2}$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{2}) + 14 x + 16}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.1.2

Factor $2$ out of $14 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{2}) + 2 (7 x) + 16}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.1.3

Factor $2$ out of $16$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{2}) + 2 (7 x) + 2 (8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.1.4

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{2}) + 2 (7 x)$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{2} + 7 x) + 2 (8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.1.5

Factor $2$ out of $2 (- x^{2} + 7 x) + 2 (8)$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{2} + 7 x + 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.2

Factor by grouping.

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Step 4.3.2.1

For a polynomial of the form $a x^{2} + b x + c$ , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is $a \cdot c = - 1 \cdot 8 = - 8$ and whose sum is $b = 7$ .

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Step 4.3.2.1.1

Factor $7$ out of $7 x$ .

$\frac{2 (- x^{2} + 7 (x) + 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.2.1.2

Rewrite $7$ as $- 1$ plus $8$

$\frac{2 (- x^{2} + (- 1 + 8) x + 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.2.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{2 (- x^{2} - 1 x + 8 x + 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

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Step 4.3.2.2.1

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$\frac{2 ((- x^{2} - 1 x) + 8 x + 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.2.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$\frac{2 (x (- x - 1) - 8 (- x - 1))}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.3.2.3

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $- x - 1$ .

$\frac{2 ((- x - 1) (x - 8))}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

$\frac{2 (- x - 1) (x - 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x) - 1) (x - 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.5

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x) - 1 (1)) (x - 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x) - 1 (1)$ .

$\frac{2 (- (x + 1)) (x - 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.7

Rewrite $- (x + 1)$ as $- 1 (x + 1)$ .

$\frac{2 (- 1 (x + 1)) (x - 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.8

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{(2 (x + 1)) (x - 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$

Step 4.9

Reorder factors in $- \frac{(2 (x + 1)) (x - 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{2 (x + 1) (x - 8)}{{(x^{2} + 8)}^{2}}$