Calculus Examples

$\ln (x^{2} \sqrt{1 + x^{2}})$

Step 1

Use $\sqrt[n]{a^{x}} = a^{\frac{x}{n}}$ to rewrite $\sqrt{1 + x^{2}}$ as ${(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\ln (x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}})]$

Step 2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \ln (x)$ and $g (x) = x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

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Step 2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\ln (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.2

The derivative of $\ln (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\frac{1}{u_{1}}$ .

$\frac{1}{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$

Step 3

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} \frac{d}{d x} [{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}] + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 4

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $g (x) = 1 + x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $1 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}] \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 4.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = \frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {u_{2}}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 4.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $1 + x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 5

To write $- 1$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} - 1 \cdot \frac{2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 6

Combine $- 1$ and $\frac{2}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{- 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 1 \cdot 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 8

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 8.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1 - 2}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 8.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{- 1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 9

Combine fractions.

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Step 9.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 9.2

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and ${(1 + x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{{(1 + x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}}{2} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 9.3

Move ${(1 + x^{2})}^{- \frac{1}{2}}$ to the denominator using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (x^{2} (\frac{1}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 9.4

Combine $\frac{1}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [1 + x^{2}] + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 10

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 + x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 11

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (0 + \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 12

Add $0$ and $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}] + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 13

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (2 x) + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 14

Combine fractions.

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Step 14.1

Combine $2$ and $\frac{x^{2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x^{2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} x + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 14.2

Combine $\frac{2 x^{2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x^{2} x}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 15

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 (x^{1} x^{2})}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 16

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x^{1 + 2}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 17

Reduce the expression by cancelling the common factors.

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Step 17.1

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x^{3}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 17.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{2 x^{3}}{2 {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 17.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{3}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 18

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{3}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} (2 x))$

Step 19

Reorder.

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Step 19.1

Move $2$ to the left of ${(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{3}}{{(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 2 \cdot {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} x)$

Step 19.2

Move ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{3}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + 2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}})$

Step 20

To write $2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} (\frac{x^{3}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}} + \frac{2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$

Step 21

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{3} + 2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22

Multiply ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 22.1

Move ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{3} + 2 x ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{3} + 2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{3} + 2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{3} + 2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 22.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{3} + 2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{1}}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 23

Simplify $2 x {(x^{2} + 1)}^{1}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \cdot \frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 24

Multiply $\frac{1}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ by $\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{{(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{x^{2} {(1 + x^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 25

Reorder terms.

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{x^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 26

Multiply ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 26.1

Move ${(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{x^{2} ({(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2}})}$

Step 26.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{x^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}}$

Step 26.3

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{x^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{1 + 1}{2}}}$

Step 26.4

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{x^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{\frac{2}{2}}}$

Step 26.5

Divide $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{x^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{1}}$

Step 27

Simplify $x^{2} {(x^{2} + 1)}^{1}$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x (x^{2} + 1)}{x^{2} (x^{2} + 1)}$

Step 28

Simplify.

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Step 28.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x \cdot x^{2} + 2 x \cdot 1}{x^{2} (x^{2} + 1)}$

Step 28.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x \cdot x^{2} + 2 x \cdot 1}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.3

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 28.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 28.3.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 28.3.1.1.1

Move $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 (x^{2} x) + 2 x \cdot 1}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.3.1.1.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x$ .

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Step 28.3.1.1.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 (x^{2} x^{1}) + 2 x \cdot 1}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.3.1.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x^{2 + 1} + 2 x \cdot 1}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.3.1.1.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x^{3} + 2 x \cdot 1}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.3.1.2

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$\frac{x^{3} + 2 x^{3} + 2 x}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.3.2

Add $x^{3}$ and $2 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{3 x^{3} + 2 x}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.4

Combine terms.

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Step 28.4.1

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $x^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 28.4.1.1

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{3 x^{3} + 2 x}{x^{2 + 2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.4.1.2

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\frac{3 x^{3} + 2 x}{x^{4} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.4.2

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{3 x^{3} + 2 x}{x^{4} + x^{2}}$

Step 28.5

Factor $x$ out of $3 x^{3} + 2 x$ .

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Step 28.5.1

Factor $x$ out of $3 x^{3}$ .

$\frac{x (3 x^{2}) + 2 x}{x^{4} + x^{2}}$

Step 28.5.2

Factor $x$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot 2}{x^{4} + x^{2}}$

Step 28.5.3

Factor $x$ out of $x (3 x^{2}) + x \cdot 2$ .

$\frac{x (3 x^{2} + 2)}{x^{4} + x^{2}}$

Step 28.6

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $x^{4} + x^{2}$ .

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Step 28.6.1

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $x^{4}$ .

$\frac{x (3 x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2}}$

Step 28.6.2

Multiply by $1$ .

$\frac{x (3 x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1}$

Step 28.6.3

Factor $x^{2}$ out of $x^{2} x^{2} + x^{2} \cdot 1$ .

$\frac{x (3 x^{2} + 2)}{x^{2} (x^{2} + 1)}$

Step 28.7

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 28.7.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{2} (x^{2} + 1)$ .

$\frac{x (3 x^{2} + 2)}{x (x (x^{2} + 1))}$

Step 28.7.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x (3 x^{2} + 2)}{x (x (x^{2} + 1))}$

Step 28.7.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{3 x^{2} + 2}{x (x^{2} + 1)}$