Calculus Examples

$\int \cos^{2} (\frac{x}{1}) - \sin (x) d x$

Step 1

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$\int \cos^{2} (x) - \sin (x) d x$

Step 2

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int \cos^{2} (x) d x + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 3

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite $\cos^{2} (x)$ as $\frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{2}$ .

$\int \frac{1 + \cos (2 x)}{2} d x + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 4

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + \cos (2 x) d x + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 5

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (\int d x + \int \cos (2 x) d x) + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 6

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} (x + C + \int \cos (2 x) d x) + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 7

Let $u = 2 x$ . Then $d u = 2 d x$ , so $\frac{1}{2} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1

Let $u = 2 x$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1.1

Differentiate $2 x$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [2 x]$

Step 7.1.2

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $2 x$ with respect to $x$ is $2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$

Step 7.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 7.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$2$

Step 7.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (x + C + \int \cos (u) \frac{1}{2} d u) + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 8

Combine $\cos (u)$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (x + C + \int \frac{\cos (u)}{2} d u) + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 9

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (x + C + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u) d u) + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 10

The integral of $\cos (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $\sin (u)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (x + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u) + C)) + \int - \sin (x) d x$

Step 11

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (x + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u) + C)) - \int \sin (x) d x$

Step 12

The integral of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \cos (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (x + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u) + C)) - (- \cos (x) + C)$

Step 13

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 13.1

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} (x + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u)) - - \cos (x) + C$

Step 13.2

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 13.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (x + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u)) + 1 \cos (x) + C$

Step 13.2.2

Multiply $\cos (x)$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (x + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u)) + \cos (x) + C$

Step 14

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (x + \frac{1}{2} \sin (2 x)) + \cos (x) + C$

Step 15

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 15.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\sin (2 x)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (x + \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}) + \cos (x) + C$

Step 15.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} x + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2} + \cos (x) + C$

Step 15.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2} + \cos (x) + C$

Step 15.4

Multiply $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 15.4.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{\sin (2 x)}{2}$ .

$\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sin (2 x)}{2 \cdot 2} + \cos (x) + C$

Step 15.4.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sin (2 x)}{4} + \cos (x) + C$

Step 16

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{2} x + \frac{1}{4} \sin (2 x) + \cos (x) + C$