Calculus Examples

$\int \frac{{(x^{3} - 2 x)}^{3}}{x^{3}} d x$

Step 1

Move $x^{3}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\int {(x^{3} - 2 x)}^{3} {(x^{3})}^{- 1} d x$

Step 2

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{3})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int {(x^{3} - 2 x)}^{3} x^{3 \cdot - 1} d x$

Step 2.2

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\int {(x^{3} - 2 x)}^{3} x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3

Expand ${(x^{3} - 2 x)}^{3} x^{- 3}$ .

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Step 3.1

Use the Binomial Theorem.

$\int ({(x^{3})}^{3} + 3 {(x^{3})}^{2} (- 2 x) + 3 x^{3} {(- 2 x)}^{2} + {(- 2 x)}^{3}) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.2

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{3} {(x^{3})}^{2} + 3 {(x^{3})}^{2} (- 2 x) + 3 x^{3} {(- 2 x)}^{2} + {(- 2 x)}^{3}) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.3

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{3} (x^{3} x^{3}) + 3 {(x^{3})}^{2} (- 2 x) + 3 x^{3} {(- 2 x)}^{2} + {(- 2 x)}^{3}) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.4

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{3} (x^{3} x^{3}) + 3 (x^{3} x^{3}) (- 2 x) + 3 x^{3} {(- 2 x)}^{2} + {(- 2 x)}^{3}) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.5

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{3} (x^{3} x^{3}) + 3 (x^{3} x^{3}) (- 2 x) + 3 x^{3} (- 2 x (- 2 x)) + {(- 2 x)}^{3}) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.6

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{3} (x^{3} x^{3}) + 3 (x^{3} x^{3}) (- 2 x) + 3 x^{3} (- 2 x (- 2 x)) - 2 x {(- 2 x)}^{2}) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.7

Rewrite the exponentiation as a product.

$\int (x^{3} (x^{3} x^{3}) + 3 (x^{3} x^{3}) (- 2 x) + 3 x^{3} (- 2 x (- 2 x)) - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x))) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.8

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (x^{3} (x^{3} x^{3}) + 3 (x^{3} x^{3}) (- 2 x) + 3 x^{3} (- 2 x (- 2 x))) x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.9

Apply the distributive property.

$\int (x^{3} (x^{3} x^{3}) + 3 (x^{3} x^{3}) (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} + 3 x^{3} (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.10

Apply the distributive property.

$\int x^{3} (x^{3} x^{3}) x^{- 3} + 3 (x^{3} x^{3}) (- 2 x) x^{- 3} + 3 x^{3} (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.11

Move $x^{3}$ .

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 x^{3} \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 x^{3} (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.12

Move $x^{3}$ .

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 x^{3} (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.13

Move $x$ .

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 x^{3} (- 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x) x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.14

Move parentheses.

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 x^{3} (- 2 \cdot - 2 x) x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.15

Move parentheses.

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 x^{3} (- 2 \cdot - 2) x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.16

Move $x^{3}$ .

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 x (- 2 x)) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.17

Move $x$ .

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.18

Move parentheses.

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 \cdot - 2 x) x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.19

Move parentheses.

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 x (- 2 \cdot - 2) x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.20

Move $x$ .

$\int x^{3} x^{3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.21

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{3 + 3} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.22

Add $3$ and $3$ .

$\int x^{6} x^{3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.23

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6 + 3} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.24

Add $6$ and $3$ .

$\int x^{9} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.25

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{9 - 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.26

Subtract $3$ from $9$ .

$\int x^{6} + 3 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.27

Multiply $3$ by $- 2$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{3} x^{3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.28

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{3 + 3} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.29

Add $3$ and $3$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{6} x \cdot x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.30

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 (x^{6} x^{1}) x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.31

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{6 + 1} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.32

Add $6$ and $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{7} x^{- 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.33

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{7 - 3} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.34

Subtract $3$ from $7$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 3 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.35

Multiply $3$ by $- 2$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} - 6 \cdot - 2 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.36

Multiply $- 6$ by $- 2$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{3} x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.37

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 (x^{3} x^{1}) x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.38

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{3 + 1} x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.39

Add $3$ and $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{4} x \cdot x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.40

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 (x^{4} x^{1}) x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.41

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{4 + 1} x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.42

Add $4$ and $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{5} x^{- 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.43

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{5 - 3} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.44

Subtract $3$ from $5$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 2 \cdot - 2 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.45

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 2$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} + 4 \cdot - 2 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.46

Multiply $4$ by $- 2$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 x \cdot x \cdot x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.47

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 (x^{1} x) x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.48

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 (x^{1} x^{1}) x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.49

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 x^{1 + 1} x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.50

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 x^{2} x \cdot x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.51

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 (x^{2} x^{1}) x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.52

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 x^{2 + 1} x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.53

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 x^{3} x^{- 3} d x$

Step 3.54

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 x^{3 - 3} d x$

Step 3.55

Subtract $3$ from $3$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 x^{0} d x$

Step 3.56

Anything raised to $0$ is $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 \cdot 1 d x$

Step 3.57

Multiply $- 8$ by $1$ .

$\int x^{6} - 6 x^{4} + 12 x^{2} - 8 d x$

Step 4

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int x^{6} d x + \int - 6 x^{4} d x + \int 12 x^{2} d x + \int - 8 d x$

Step 5

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{6}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{7} x^{7}$ .

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} + C + \int - 6 x^{4} d x + \int 12 x^{2} d x + \int - 8 d x$

Step 6

Since $- 6$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 6$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} + C - 6 \int x^{4} d x + \int 12 x^{2} d x + \int - 8 d x$

Step 7

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{4}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{5} x^{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} + C - 6 (\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C) + \int 12 x^{2} d x + \int - 8 d x$

Step 8

Since $12$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $12$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} + C - 6 (\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C) + 12 \int x^{2} d x + \int - 8 d x$

Step 9

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} + C - 6 (\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C) + 12 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + \int - 8 d x$

Step 10

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} + C - 6 (\frac{1}{5} x^{5} + C) + 12 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) - 8 x + C$

Step 11

Simplify.

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Step 11.1

Simplify.

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Step 11.1.1

Combine $\frac{1}{5}$ and $x^{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} + C - 6 (\frac{x^{5}}{5} + C) + 12 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) - 8 x + C$

Step 11.1.2

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} + C - 6 (\frac{x^{5}}{5} + C) + 12 (\frac{x^{3}}{3} + C) - 8 x + C$

Step 11.2

Simplify.

$\frac{x^{7}}{7} - \frac{6 x^{5}}{5} + 4 x^{3} - 8 x + C$

Step 12

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{7} x^{7} - \frac{6}{5} x^{5} + 4 x^{3} - 8 x + C$