Calculus Examples

$\frac{x}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 1

Write $\frac{x}{1 - x^{2}}$ as a function.

$f (x) = \frac{x}{1 - x^{2}}$

Step 2

The function $F (x)$ can be found by finding the indefinite integral of the derivative $f (x)$ .

$F (x) = \int f (x) d x$

Step 3

Set up the integral to solve.

$F (x) = \int \frac{x}{1 - x^{2}} d x$

Step 4

Let $u = 1 - x^{2}$ . Then $d u = - 2 x d x$ , so $- \frac{1}{2} d u = x d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 4.1

Let $u = 1 - x^{2}$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Differentiate $1 - x^{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1 - x^{2}]$

Step 4.1.2

Differentiate.

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Step 4.1.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $1 - x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [1] + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$

Step 4.1.2.2

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$0 + \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$

Step 4.1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$ .

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Step 4.1.3.1

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$0 - \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$

Step 4.1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$0 - (2 x)$

Step 4.1.3.3

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$0 - 2 x$

Step 4.1.4

Subtract $2 x$ from $0$ .

$- 2 x$

Step 4.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int \frac{1}{u} \cdot \frac{1}{- 2} d u$

Step 5

Simplify.

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Step 5.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\int \frac{1}{u} (- \frac{1}{2}) d u$

Step 5.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{u}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int - \frac{1}{u \cdot 2} d u$

Step 5.3

Move $2$ to the left of $u$ .

$\int - \frac{1}{2 u} d u$

Step 6

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int \frac{1}{2 u} d u$

Step 7

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$- (\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{u} d u)$

Step 8

The integral of $\frac{1}{u}$ with respect to $u$ is $\ln (| u |)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} (\ln (| u |) + C)$

Step 9

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| u |) + C$

Step 10

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $1 - x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| 1 - x^{2} |) + C$

Step 11

The answer is the antiderivative of the function $f (x) = \frac{x}{1 - x^{2}}$ .

$F (x) =$ $- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| 1 - x^{2} |) + C$