Calculus Examples

$y = x \cos (5 x) - \sin^{2} (x)$

Step 1

Find the first derivative.

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Step 1.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x \cos (5 x) - \sin^{2} (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x \cos (5 x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x \cos (5 x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [x \cos (5 x)]$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = \cos (5 x)$ .

$x \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)] + \cos (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = 5 x$ .

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Step 1.2.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $5 x$ .

$x (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\cos (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]) + \cos (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.2.2

The derivative of $\cos (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $- \sin (u_{1})$ .

$x (- \sin (u_{1}) \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]) + \cos (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $5 x$ .

$x (- \sin (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]) + \cos (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.3

Since $5$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $5 x$ with respect to $x$ is $5 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$x (- \sin (5 x) (5 \frac{d}{d x} [x])) + \cos (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.4

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$x (- \sin (5 x) (5 \cdot 1)) + \cos (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$x (- \sin (5 x) (5 \cdot 1)) + \cos (5 x) \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.6

Multiply $5$ by $1$ .

$x (- \sin (5 x) \cdot 5) + \cos (5 x) \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.7

Multiply $5$ by $- 1$ .

$x (- 5 \sin (5 x)) + \cos (5 x) \cdot 1 + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.2.8

Multiply $\cos (5 x)$ by $1$ .

$x (- 5 \sin (5 x)) + \cos (5 x) + \frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- \sin^{2} (x)]$ .

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Step 1.3.1

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- \sin^{2} (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [\sin^{2} (x)]$ .

$x (- 5 \sin (5 x)) + \cos (5 x) - \frac{d}{d x} [\sin^{2} (x)]$

Step 1.3.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = x^{2}$ and $g (x) = \sin (x)$ .

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Step 1.3.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $\sin (x)$ .

$x (- 5 \sin (5 x)) + \cos (5 x) - (\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{2}] \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)])$

Step 1.3.2.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{2}} [{u_{2}}^{n}]$ is $n {u_{2}}^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$x (- 5 \sin (5 x)) + \cos (5 x) - (2 u_{2} \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)])$

Step 1.3.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $\sin (x)$ .

$x (- 5 \sin (5 x)) + \cos (5 x) - (2 \sin (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)])$

Step 1.3.3

The derivative of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\cos (x)$ .

$x (- 5 \sin (5 x)) + \cos (5 x) - (2 \sin (x) \cos (x))$

Step 1.3.4

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$x (- 5 \sin (5 x)) + \cos (5 x) - 2 \sin (x) \cos (x)$

Step 1.4

Reorder terms.

$f' (x) = - 5 x \sin (5 x) - 2 \cos (x) \sin (x) + \cos (5 x)$

Step 2

Find the second derivative.

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Step 2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $- 5 x \sin (5 x) - 2 \cos (x) \sin (x) + \cos (5 x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [- 5 x \sin (5 x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [- 5 x \sin (5 x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- 5 x \sin (5 x)]$ .

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Step 2.2.1

Since $- 5$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 5 x \sin (5 x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- 5 \frac{d}{d x} [x \sin (5 x)]$ .

$- 5 \frac{d}{d x} [x \sin (5 x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = x$ and $g (x) = \sin (5 x)$ .

$- 5 (x \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (5 x)] + \sin (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.3

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \sin (x)$ and $g (x) = 5 x$ .

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Step 2.2.3.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $5 x$ .

$- 5 (x (\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [\sin (u_{1})] \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]) + \sin (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.3.2

The derivative of $\sin (u_{1})$ with respect to $u_{1}$ is $\cos (u_{1})$ .

$- 5 (x (\cos (u_{1}) \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]) + \sin (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.3.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $5 x$ .

$- 5 (x (\cos (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]) + \sin (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.4

Since $5$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $5 x$ with respect to $x$ is $5 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- 5 (x (\cos (5 x) (5 \frac{d}{d x} [x])) + \sin (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.5

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 5 (x (\cos (5 x) (5 \cdot 1)) + \sin (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [x]) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.6

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 5 (x (\cos (5 x) (5 \cdot 1)) + \sin (5 x) \cdot 1) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.7

Multiply $5$ by $1$ .

$- 5 (x (\cos (5 x) \cdot 5) + \sin (5 x) \cdot 1) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.8

Move $5$ to the left of $\cos (5 x)$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cdot \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x) \cdot 1) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.2.9

Multiply $\sin (5 x)$ by $1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) + \frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)]$ .

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Step 2.3.1

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- 2 \cos (x) \sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x) \sin (x)]$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x) \sin (x)] + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.2

Differentiate using the Product Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (x) g (x)]$ is $f (x) \frac{d}{d x} [g (x)] + g (x) \frac{d}{d x} [f (x)]$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = \sin (x)$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)] + \sin (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.3

The derivative of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\cos (x)$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos (x) \cos (x) + \sin (x) \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (x)]) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.4

The derivative of $\cos (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $- \sin (x)$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos (x) \cos (x) + \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.5

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{1} (x) \cos (x) + \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.6

Raise $\cos (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{1} (x) \cos^{1} (x) + \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.7

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 ({\cos (x)}^{1 + 1} + \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.8

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) + \sin (x) (- \sin (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.9

Raise $\sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - (\sin^{1} (x) \sin (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.10

Raise $\sin (x)$ to the power of $1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - (\sin^{1} (x) \sin^{1} (x))) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.11

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - {\sin (x)}^{1 + 1}) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.3.12

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) + \frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$

Step 2.4

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d x} [\cos (5 x)]$ .

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Step 2.4.1

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = \cos (x)$ and $g (x) = 5 x$ .

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Step 2.4.1.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{2}$ as $5 x$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) + \frac{d}{d u_{2}} [\cos (u_{2})] \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]$

Step 2.4.1.2

The derivative of $\cos (u_{2})$ with respect to $u_{2}$ is $- \sin (u_{2})$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) - \sin (u_{2}) \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]$

Step 2.4.1.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $5 x$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) - \sin (5 x) \frac{d}{d x} [5 x]$

Step 2.4.2

Since $5$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $5 x$ with respect to $x$ is $5 \frac{d}{d x} [x]$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) - \sin (5 x) (5 \frac{d}{d x} [x])$

Step 2.4.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) - \sin (5 x) (5 \cdot 1)$

Step 2.4.4

Multiply $5$ by $1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) - \sin (5 x) \cdot 5$

Step 2.4.5

Multiply $5$ by $- 1$ .

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x)) + \sin (5 x)) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) - 5 \sin (5 x)$

Step 2.5

Simplify.

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Step 2.5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x))) - 5 \sin (5 x) - 2 (\cos^{2} (x) - \sin^{2} (x)) - 5 \sin (5 x)$

Step 2.5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- 5 (x (5 \cos (5 x))) - 5 \sin (5 x) - 2 \cos^{2} (x) - 2 (- \sin^{2} (x)) - 5 \sin (5 x)$

Step 2.5.3

Combine terms.

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Step 2.5.3.1

Multiply $5$ by $- 5$ .

$- 25 (x (\cos (5 x))) - 5 \sin (5 x) - 2 \cos^{2} (x) - 2 (- \sin^{2} (x)) - 5 \sin (5 x)$

Step 2.5.3.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 2$ .

$- 25 x \cos (5 x) - 5 \sin (5 x) - 2 \cos^{2} (x) + 2 \sin^{2} (x) - 5 \sin (5 x)$

Step 2.5.3.3

Subtract $5 \sin (5 x)$ from $- 5 \sin (5 x)$ .

$f'' (x) = - 25 x \cos (5 x) - 10 \sin (5 x) - 2 \cos^{2} (x) + 2 \sin^{2} (x)$