Calculus Examples

$\int \sin^{2} (x) \cos^{3} (x) + 2 x d x$

Step 1

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int \sin^{2} (x) \cos^{3} (x) d x + \int 2 x d x$

Step 2

Factor out $\cos^{2} (x)$ .

$\int \sin^{2} (x) (\cos^{2} (x) \cos (x)) d x + \int 2 x d x$

Step 3

Using the Pythagorean Identity, rewrite $\cos^{2} (x)$ as $1 - \sin^{2} (x)$ .

$\int \sin^{2} (x) ((1 - \sin^{2} (x)) \cos (x)) d x + \int 2 x d x$

Step 4

Let $u = \sin (x)$ . Then $d u = \cos (x) d x$ , so $\frac{1}{\cos (x)} d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 4.1

Let $u = \sin (x)$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Differentiate $\sin (x)$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [\sin (x)]$

Step 4.1.2

The derivative of $\sin (x)$ with respect to $x$ is $\cos (x)$ .

$\cos (x)$

Step 4.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int u^{2} (1 - u^{2}) d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 5

Multiply $u^{2} (1 - u^{2})$ .

$\int u^{2} \cdot 1 + u^{2} (- u^{2}) d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 6

Simplify.

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Step 6.1

Multiply $u^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\int u^{2} + u^{2} (- u^{2}) d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 6.2

Multiply $u^{2}$ by $u^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.2.1

Move $u^{2}$ .

$\int u^{2} + u^{2} u^{2} \cdot - 1 d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 6.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int u^{2} + u^{2 + 2} \cdot - 1 d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 6.2.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$\int u^{2} + u^{4} \cdot - 1 d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 6.3

Move $- 1$ to the left of $u^{4}$ .

$\int u^{2} - 1 \cdot u^{4} d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 6.4

Rewrite $- 1 u^{4}$ as $- u^{4}$ .

$\int u^{2} - u^{4} d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 7

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\int u^{2} d u + \int - u^{4} d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 8

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{2}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{3} u^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C + \int - u^{4} d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 9

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C - \int u^{4} d u + \int 2 x d x$

Step 10

By the Power Rule, the integral of $u^{4}$ with respect to $u$ is $\frac{1}{5} u^{5}$ .

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C - (\frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C) + \int 2 x d x$

Step 11

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $2$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C - (\frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C) + 2 \int x d x$

Step 12

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{2} x^{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} + C - (\frac{1}{5} u^{5} + C) + 2 (\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + C)$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} - \frac{1}{5} u^{5} + 2 (\frac{1}{2}) x^{2} + C$

Step 13.2

Simplify.

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Step 13.2.1

Combine $2$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} - \frac{1}{5} u^{5} + \frac{2}{2} x^{2} + C$

Step 13.2.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 13.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} - \frac{1}{5} u^{5} + \frac{2}{2} x^{2} + C$

Step 13.2.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} - \frac{1}{5} u^{5} + 1 x^{2} + C$

Step 13.2.3

Multiply $x^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{1}{3} u^{3} - \frac{1}{5} u^{5} + x^{2} + C$

Step 14

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $\sin (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{3} \sin^{3} (x) - \frac{1}{5} \sin^{5} (x) + x^{2} + C$