Calculus Examples

$x \frac{d y}{d x} - 3 y = x^{2}$

Step 1

Rewrite the differential equation as $\frac{d y}{d x} + M (x) y = Q (x)$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.1

Divide each term in $x \frac{d y}{d x} - 3 y = x^{2}$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x \frac{d y}{d x}}{x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = \frac{x^{2}}{x}$

Step 1.2

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x \frac{d y}{d x}}{x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = \frac{x^{2}}{x}$

Step 1.2.2

Divide $\frac{d y}{d x}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = \frac{x^{2}}{x}$

Step 1.3

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2}$ and $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.3.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = \frac{x \cdot x}{x}$

Step 1.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.3.2.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = \frac{x \cdot x}{x^{1}}$

Step 1.3.2.2

Factor $x$ out of $x^{1}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = \frac{x \cdot x}{x \cdot 1}$

Step 1.3.2.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = \frac{x \cdot x}{x \cdot 1}$

Step 1.3.2.4

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = \frac{x}{1}$

Step 1.3.2.5

Divide $x$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{- 3 y}{x} = x$

Step 1.4

Factor $y$ out of $\frac{- 3 y}{x}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + y \frac{- 3}{x} = x$

Step 1.5

Reorder $y$ and $\frac{- 3}{x}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{- 3}{x} y = x$

Step 2

The integrating factor is defined by the formula $e^{\int P (x) d x}$ , where $P (x) = \frac{- 3}{x}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 2.1

Set up the integration.

$e^{\int \frac{- 3}{x} d x}$

Step 2.2

Integrate $\frac{- 3}{x}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 2.2.1

Split the fraction into multiple fractions.

$e^{\int - \frac{3}{x} d x}$

Step 2.2.2

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$e^{- \int \frac{3}{x} d x}$

Step 2.2.3

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$e^{- (3 \int \frac{1}{x} d x)}$

Step 2.2.4

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$e^{- 3 \int \frac{1}{x} d x}$

Step 2.2.5

The integral of $\frac{1}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $\ln (| x |)$ .

$e^{- 3 (\ln (| x |) + C)}$

Step 2.2.6

Simplify.

$e^{- 3 \ln (| x |) + C}$

Step 2.3

Remove the constant of integration.

$e^{- 3 \ln (x)}$

Step 2.4

Use the logarithmic power rule.

$e^{\ln (x^{- 3})}$

Step 2.5

Exponentiation and log are inverse functions.

$x^{- 3}$

Step 2.6

Rewrite the expression using the negative exponent rule $b^{- n} = \frac{1}{b^{n}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{3}}$

Step 3

Multiply each term by the integrating factor $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.1

Multiply each term by $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{1}{x^{3}} (\frac{- 3}{x} y) = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.2

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.1

Combine $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ and $\frac{d y}{d x}$ .

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} + \frac{1}{x^{3}} (\frac{- 3}{x} y) = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.2.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} + \frac{1}{x^{3}} (- \frac{3}{x} y) = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.2.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{1}{x^{3}} (\frac{3}{x} y) = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.2.4

Combine $\frac{3}{x}$ and $y$ .

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{1}{x^{3}} \cdot \frac{3 y}{x} = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.2.5

Multiply $- \frac{1}{x^{3}} \cdot \frac{3 y}{x}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.5.1

Multiply $\frac{3 y}{x}$ by $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ .

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{3 y}{x \cdot x^{3}} = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.2.5.2

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ by adding the exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.5.2.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{3}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.2.5.2.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{3 y}{x^{1} x^{3}} = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.2.5.2.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{3 y}{x^{1 + 3}} = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.2.5.2.2

Add $1$ and $3$ .

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{3 y}{x^{4}} = \frac{1}{x^{3}} x$

Step 3.3

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 3.3.1

Factor $x$ out of $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{3 y}{x^{4}} = \frac{1}{x \cdot x^{2}} x$

Step 3.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{3 y}{x^{4}} = \frac{1}{x \cdot x^{2}} x$

Step 3.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{\frac{d y}{d x}}{x^{3}} - \frac{3 y}{x^{4}} = \frac{1}{x^{2}}$

Step 4

Rewrite the left side as a result of differentiating a product.

$\frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{3}} y] = \frac{1}{x^{2}}$

Step 5

Set up an integral on each side.

$\int \frac{d}{d x} [\frac{1}{x^{3}} y] d x = \int \frac{1}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 6

Integrate the left side.

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} y = \int \frac{1}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 7

Integrate the right side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1

Apply basic rules of exponents.

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1.1

Move $x^{2}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} y = \int {(x^{2})}^{- 1} d x$

Step 7.1.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} y = \int x^{2 \cdot - 1} d x$

Step 7.1.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} y = \int x^{- 2} d x$

Step 7.2

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- x^{- 1}$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} y = - x^{- 1} + C$

Step 7.3

Rewrite $- x^{- 1} + C$ as $- \frac{1}{x} + C$ .

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} y = - \frac{1}{x} + C$

Step 8

Solve for $y$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.1

Move all terms containing variables to the left side of the equation.

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.1.1

Add $\frac{1}{x}$ to both sides of the equation.

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} y + \frac{1}{x} = C$

Step 8.1.2

Subtract $C$ from both sides of the equation.

$\frac{1}{x^{3}} y + \frac{1}{x} - C = 0$

Step 8.1.3

Combine $\frac{1}{x^{3}}$ and $y$ .

$\frac{y}{x^{3}} + \frac{1}{x} - C = 0$

Step 8.2

Move all terms not containing $y$ to the right side of the equation.

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.2.1

Subtract $\frac{1}{x}$ from both sides of the equation.

$\frac{y}{x^{3}} - C = - \frac{1}{x}$

Step 8.2.2

Add $C$ to both sides of the equation.

$\frac{y}{x^{3}} = - \frac{1}{x} + C$

Step 8.3

Multiply both sides by $x^{3}$ .

$\frac{y}{x^{3}} x^{3} = (- \frac{1}{x} + C) x^{3}$

Step 8.4

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.4.1

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.4.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $x^{3}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.4.1.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{y}{x^{3}} x^{3} = (- \frac{1}{x} + C) x^{3}$

Step 8.4.1.1.2

Rewrite the expression.

$y = (- \frac{1}{x} + C) x^{3}$

Step 8.4.2

Simplify the right side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.4.2.1

Simplify $(- \frac{1}{x} + C) x^{3}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.4.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$y = - \frac{1}{x} x^{3} + C x^{3}$

Step 8.4.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.4.2.1.2.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{1}{x}$ into the numerator.

$y = \frac{- 1}{x} x^{3} + C x^{3}$

Step 8.4.2.1.2.2

Factor $x$ out of $x^{3}$ .

$y = \frac{- 1}{x} (x \cdot x^{2}) + C x^{3}$

Step 8.4.2.1.2.3

Cancel the common factor.

$y = \frac{- 1}{x} (x \cdot x^{2}) + C x^{3}$

Step 8.4.2.1.2.4

Rewrite the expression.

$y = - 1 x^{2} + C x^{3}$

Step 8.4.2.1.3

Simplify the expression.

Tap for more steps...

Step 8.4.2.1.3.1

Rewrite $- 1 x^{2}$ as $- x^{2}$ .

$y = - x^{2} + C x^{3}$

Step 8.4.2.1.3.2

Reorder $- x^{2}$ and $C x^{3}$ .

$y = C x^{3} - x^{2}$