Calculus Examples

$\frac{d y}{d x} = 3 - \frac{y}{x}$

Step 1

Let $V = \frac{y}{x}$ . Substitute $V$ for $\frac{y}{x}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} = 3 - V$

Step 2

Solve $V = \frac{y}{x}$ for $y$ .

$y = V x$

Step 3

Use the product rule to find the derivative of $y = V x$ with respect to $x$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} = x \frac{d V}{d x} + V$

Step 4

Substitute $x \frac{d V}{d x} + V$ for $\frac{d y}{d x}$ .

$x \frac{d V}{d x} + V = 3 - V$

Step 5

Solve the substituted differential equation.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1

Separate the variables.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.1

Solve for $\frac{d V}{d x}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.1.1

Move all terms not containing $\frac{d V}{d x}$ to the right side of the equation.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.1.1.1

Subtract $V$ from both sides of the equation.

$x \frac{d V}{d x} = 3 - V - V$

Step 5.1.1.1.2

Subtract $V$ from $- V$ .

$x \frac{d V}{d x} = 3 - 2 V$

Step 5.1.1.2

Divide each term in $x \frac{d V}{d x} = 3 - 2 V$ by $x$ and simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.1.2.1

Divide each term in $x \frac{d V}{d x} = 3 - 2 V$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x \frac{d V}{d x}}{x} = \frac{3}{x} + \frac{- 2 V}{x}$

Step 5.1.1.2.2

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.1.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.1.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x \frac{d V}{d x}}{x} = \frac{3}{x} + \frac{- 2 V}{x}$

Step 5.1.1.2.2.1.2

Divide $\frac{d V}{d x}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{3}{x} + \frac{- 2 V}{x}$

Step 5.1.1.2.3

Simplify the right side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.1.2.3.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{3}{x} - \frac{2 V}{x}$

Step 5.1.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{3 - 2 V}{x}$

Step 5.1.3

Multiply both sides by $\frac{1}{3 - 2 V}$ .

$\frac{1}{3 - 2 V} \frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{1}{3 - 2 V} \cdot \frac{3 - 2 V}{x}$

Step 5.1.4

Cancel the common factor of $3 - 2 V$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{3 - 2 V} \frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{1}{3 - 2 V} \cdot \frac{3 - 2 V}{x}$

Step 5.1.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{3 - 2 V} \frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{1}{x}$

Step 5.1.5

Rewrite the equation.

$\frac{1}{3 - 2 V} d V = \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2

Integrate both sides.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.2.1

Set up an integral on each side.

$\int \frac{1}{3 - 2 V} d V = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2

Integrate the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.2.2.1

Let $u = 3 - 2 V$ . Then $d u = - 2 d V$ , so $- \frac{1}{2} d u = d V$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.2.2.1.1

Let $u = 3 - 2 V$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d V}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.2.2.1.1.1

Differentiate $3 - 2 V$ .

$\frac{d}{d V} [3 - 2 V]$

Step 5.2.2.1.1.2

Differentiate.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.2.2.1.1.2.1

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $3 - 2 V$ with respect to $V$ is $\frac{d}{d V} [3] + \frac{d}{d V} [- 2 V]$ .

$\frac{d}{d V} [3] + \frac{d}{d V} [- 2 V]$

Step 5.2.2.1.1.2.2

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $V$ , the derivative of $3$ with respect to $V$ is $0$ .

$0 + \frac{d}{d V} [- 2 V]$

Step 5.2.2.1.1.3

Evaluate $\frac{d}{d V} [- 2 V]$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.2.2.1.1.3.1

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $V$ , the derivative of $- 2 V$ with respect to $V$ is $- 2 \frac{d}{d V} [V]$ .

$0 - 2 \frac{d}{d V} [V]$

Step 5.2.2.1.1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d V} [V^{n}]$ is $n V^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$0 - 2 \cdot 1$

Step 5.2.2.1.1.3.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$0 - 2$

Step 5.2.2.1.1.4

Subtract $2$ from $0$ .

$- 2$

Step 5.2.2.1.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$\int \frac{1}{u} \cdot \frac{1}{- 2} d u = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2.2

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.2.2.2.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\int \frac{1}{u} (- \frac{1}{2}) d u = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2.2.2

Multiply $\frac{1}{u}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\int - \frac{1}{u \cdot 2} d u = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2.2.3

Move $2$ to the left of $u$ .

$\int - \frac{1}{2 u} d u = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2.3

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \int \frac{1}{2 u} d u = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2.4

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$- (\frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{u} d u) = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2.5

The integral of $\frac{1}{u}$ with respect to $u$ is $\ln (| u |)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} (\ln (| u |) + C_{1}) = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2.6

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| u |) + C_{1} = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.2.7

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $3 - 2 V$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| 3 - 2 V |) + C_{1} = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 5.2.3

The integral of $\frac{1}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $\ln (| x |)$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| 3 - 2 V |) + C_{1} = \ln (| x |) + C_{2}$

Step 5.2.4

Group the constant of integration on the right side as $C$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| 3 - 2 V |) = \ln (| x |) + C$

Step 5.3

Solve for $V$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.1

Multiply both sides of the equation by $- 2$ .

$- 2 (- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| 3 - 2 V |)) = - 2 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 5.3.2

Simplify both sides of the equation.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.1

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.1.1

Simplify $- 2 (- \frac{1}{2} \ln (| 3 - 2 V |))$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.1.1.1

Combine $\ln (| 3 - 2 V |)$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$- 2 (- \frac{\ln (| 3 - 2 V |)}{2}) = - 2 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.1.1.2.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{\ln (| 3 - 2 V |)}{2}$ into the numerator.

$- 2 \frac{- \ln (| 3 - 2 V |)}{2} = - 2 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.2.2

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$2 (- 1) \frac{- \ln (| 3 - 2 V |)}{2} = - 2 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.2.3

Cancel the common factor.

$2 \cdot - 1 \frac{- \ln (| 3 - 2 V |)}{2} = - 2 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.2.4

Rewrite the expression.

$- - \ln (| 3 - 2 V |) = - 2 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.3

Multiply.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.1.1.3.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$1 \ln (| 3 - 2 V |) = - 2 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 5.3.2.1.1.3.2

Multiply $\ln (| 3 - 2 V |)$ by $1$ .

$\ln (| 3 - 2 V |) = - 2 (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 5.3.2.2

Simplify the right side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\ln (| 3 - 2 V |) = - 2 \ln (| x |) - 2 C$

Step 5.3.3

Move all the terms containing a logarithm to the left side of the equation.

$\ln (| 3 - 2 V |) + 2 \ln (| x |) = - 2 C$

Step 5.3.4

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.4.1

Simplify $\ln (| 3 - 2 V |) + 2 \ln (| x |)$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.4.1.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.4.1.1.1

Simplify $2 \ln (| x |)$ by moving $2$ inside the logarithm.

$\ln (| 3 - 2 V |) + \ln ({| x |}^{2}) = - 2 C$

Step 5.3.4.1.1.2

Remove the absolute value in ${| x |}^{2}$ because exponentiations with even powers are always positive.

$\ln (| 3 - 2 V |) + \ln (x^{2}) = - 2 C$

Step 5.3.4.1.2

Use the product property of logarithms, $\log_{b} (x) + \log_{b} (y) = \log_{b} (x y)$ .

$\ln (| 3 - 2 V | x^{2}) = - 2 C$

Step 5.3.4.1.3

Reorder factors in $\ln (| 3 - 2 V | x^{2})$ .

$\ln (x^{2} | 3 - 2 V |) = - 2 C$

Step 5.3.5

To solve for $V$ , rewrite the equation using properties of logarithms.

$e^{\ln (x^{2} | 3 - 2 V |)} = e^{- 2 C}$

Step 5.3.6

Rewrite $\ln (x^{2} | 3 - 2 V |) = - 2 C$ in exponential form using the definition of a logarithm. If $x$ and $b$ are positive real numbers and $b \neq 1$ , then $\log_{b} (x) = y$ is equivalent to $b^{y} = x$ .

$e^{- 2 C} = x^{2} | 3 - 2 V |$

Step 5.3.7

Solve for $V$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.1

Rewrite the equation as $x^{2} | 3 - 2 V | = e^{- 2 C}$ .

$x^{2} | 3 - 2 V | = e^{- 2 C}$

Step 5.3.7.2

Divide each term in $x^{2} | 3 - 2 V | = e^{- 2 C}$ by $x^{2}$ and simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.2.1

Divide each term in $x^{2} | 3 - 2 V | = e^{- 2 C}$ by $x^{2}$ .

$\frac{x^{2} | 3 - 2 V |}{x^{2}} = \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.3.7.2.2

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2}$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x^{2} | 3 - 2 V |}{x^{2}} = \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.3.7.2.2.1.2

Divide $| 3 - 2 V |$ by $1$ .

$| 3 - 2 V | = \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.3.7.3

Remove the absolute value term. This creates a $\pm$ on the right side of the equation because $| x | = \pm x$ .

$3 - 2 V = \pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}$

Step 5.3.7.4

Subtract $3$ from both sides of the equation.

$- 2 V = \pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}} - 3$

Step 5.3.7.5

Divide each term in $- 2 V = \pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}} - 3$ by $- 2$ and simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.5.1

Divide each term in $- 2 V = \pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}} - 3$ by $- 2$ .

$\frac{- 2 V}{- 2} = \frac{\pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}}{- 2} + \frac{- 3}{- 2}$

Step 5.3.7.5.2

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.5.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.5.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 2 V}{- 2} = \frac{\pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}}{- 2} + \frac{- 3}{- 2}$

Step 5.3.7.5.2.1.2

Divide $V$ by $1$ .

$V = \frac{\pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}}{- 2} + \frac{- 3}{- 2}$

Step 5.3.7.5.3

Simplify the right side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.5.3.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.7.5.3.1.1

Simplify $\frac{\pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}}{- 2}$ .

$V = \frac{\pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}}{2} + \frac{- 3}{- 2}$

Step 5.3.7.5.3.1.2

Dividing two negative values results in a positive value.

$V = \frac{\pm \frac{e^{- 2 C}}{x^{2}}}{2} + \frac{3}{2}$

Step 5.4

Group the constant terms together.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.4.1

Simplify the constant of integration.

$V = \frac{\pm \frac{C}{x^{2}}}{2} + \frac{3}{2}$

Step 5.4.2

Combine constants with the plus or minus.

$V = \frac{C \frac{1}{x^{2}}}{2} + \frac{3}{2}$

Step 6

Substitute $\frac{y}{x}$ for $V$ .

$\frac{y}{x} = \frac{C \frac{1}{x^{2}}}{2} + \frac{3}{2}$

Step 7

Solve $\frac{y}{x} = \frac{C \frac{1}{x^{2}}}{2} + \frac{3}{2}$ for $y$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.1

Multiply both sides by $x$ .

$\frac{y}{x} x = (\frac{C (\frac{1}{x^{2}})}{2} + \frac{3}{2}) x$

Step 7.2

Simplify.

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.2.1

Simplify the left side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.2.1.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{y}{x} x = (\frac{C (\frac{1}{x^{2}})}{2} + \frac{3}{2}) x$

Step 7.2.1.1.2

Rewrite the expression.

$y = (\frac{C (\frac{1}{x^{2}})}{2} + \frac{3}{2}) x$

Step 7.2.2

Simplify the right side.

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.2.2.1

Simplify $(\frac{C (\frac{1}{x^{2}})}{2} + \frac{3}{2}) x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.2.2.1.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.2.2.1.1.1

Combine $C$ and $\frac{1}{x^{2}}$ .

$y = (\frac{\frac{C}{x^{2}}}{2} + \frac{3}{2}) x$

Step 7.2.2.1.1.2

Multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

$y = (\frac{C}{x^{2}} \cdot \frac{1}{2} + \frac{3}{2}) x$

Step 7.2.2.1.1.3

Combine.

$y = (\frac{C \cdot 1}{x^{2} \cdot 2} + \frac{3}{2}) x$

Step 7.2.2.1.1.4

Multiply $C$ by $1$ .

$y = (\frac{C}{x^{2} \cdot 2} + \frac{3}{2}) x$

Step 7.2.2.1.1.5

Move $2$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$y = (\frac{C}{2 x^{2}} + \frac{3}{2}) x$

Step 7.2.2.1.2

Simplify terms.

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.2.2.1.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$y = \frac{C}{2 x^{2}} x + \frac{3}{2} x$

Step 7.2.2.1.2.2

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 7.2.2.1.2.2.1

Factor $x$ out of $2 x^{2}$ .

$y = \frac{C}{x (2 x)} x + \frac{3}{2} x$

Step 7.2.2.1.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$y = \frac{C}{x (2 x)} x + \frac{3}{2} x$

Step 7.2.2.1.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$y = \frac{C}{2 x} + \frac{3}{2} x$

Step 7.2.2.1.2.3

Combine $\frac{3}{2}$ and $x$ .

$y = \frac{C}{2 x} + \frac{3 x}{2}$

Step 7.2.2.1.2.4

Reorder $\frac{C}{2 x}$ and $\frac{3 x}{2}$ .

$y = \frac{3 x}{2} + \frac{C}{2 x}$