Calculus Examples

$\frac{d y}{d t} = (t + 1) \sin^{2} (2 t)$

Step 1

Rewrite the equation.

$d y = (t + 1) \sin^{2} (2 t) d t$

Step 2

Integrate both sides.

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Step 2.1

Set up an integral on each side.

$\int d y = \int (t + 1) \sin^{2} (2 t) d t$

Step 2.2

Apply the constant rule.

$y + C_{1} = \int (t + 1) \sin^{2} (2 t) d t$

Step 2.3

Integrate the right side.

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Step 2.3.1

Integrate by parts using the formula $\int u d v = u v - \int v d u$ , where $u = t + 1$ and $d v = \sin^{2} (2 t)$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t)) - \int \frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t) d t$

Step 2.3.2

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t)) - (\int \frac{1}{2} t d t + \int - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t) d t)$

Step 2.3.3

Since $\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to $t$ , move $\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t)) - (\frac{1}{2} \int t d t + \int - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t) d t)$

Step 2.3.4

By the Power Rule, the integral of $t$ with respect to $t$ is $\frac{1}{2} t^{2}$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t)) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) + \int - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t) d t)$

Step 2.3.5

Since $- \frac{1}{8}$ is constant with respect to $t$ , move $- \frac{1}{8}$ out of the integral.

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t)) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{8} \int \sin (4 t) d t)$

Step 2.3.6

Let $u = 4 t$ . Then $d u = 4 d t$ , so $\frac{1}{4} d u = d t$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 2.3.6.1

Let $u = 4 t$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d t}$ .

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Step 2.3.6.1.1

Differentiate $4 t$ .

$\frac{d}{d t} [4 t]$

Step 2.3.6.1.2

Since $4$ is constant with respect to $t$ , the derivative of $4 t$ with respect to $t$ is $4 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$ .

$4 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$

Step 2.3.6.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d t} [t^{n}]$ is $n t^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$4 \cdot 1$

Step 2.3.6.1.4

Multiply $4$ by $1$ .

$4$

Step 2.3.6.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t)) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{8} \int \sin (u) \frac{1}{4} d u)$

Step 2.3.7

Since $\frac{1}{4}$ is constant with respect to $u$ , move $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral.

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t)) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{8} (\frac{1}{4} \int \sin (u) d u))$

Step 2.3.8

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.8.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $t$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{t}{2} - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t)) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{8} (\frac{1}{4} \int \sin (u) d u))$

Step 2.3.8.2

Combine $\sin (4 t)$ and $\frac{1}{8}$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8}) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{8} (\frac{1}{4} \int \sin (u) d u))$

Step 2.3.9

The integral of $\sin (u)$ with respect to $u$ is $- \cos (u)$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8}) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{8} (\frac{1}{4} (- \cos (u) + C_{3})))$

Step 2.3.10

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.10.1

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.10.1.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{4}$ by $\frac{1}{8}$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8}) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{4 \cdot 8} (- \cos (u) + C_{3}))$

Step 2.3.10.1.2

Multiply $4$ by $8$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8}) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{1}{2} t^{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{32} (- \cos (u) + C_{3}))$

Step 2.3.10.1.3

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $t^{2}$ .

$y + C_{1} = (t + 1) (\frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8}) - (\frac{1}{2} (\frac{t^{2}}{2} + C_{2}) - \frac{1}{32} (- \cos (u) + C_{3}))$

Step 2.3.10.2

Simplify.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} - (\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{1}{32} (- \cos (u))) + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.10.3.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{2}$ by $\frac{t^{2}}{2}$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} - (\frac{t^{2}}{2 \cdot 2} - \frac{1}{32} (- \cos (u))) + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3.2

Multiply $2$ by $2$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} - (\frac{t^{2}}{4} - \frac{1}{32} (- \cos (u))) + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} - (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + 1 (\frac{1}{32}) \cos (u)) + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3.4

Multiply $\frac{1}{32}$ by $1$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} - (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{1}{32} \cos (u)) + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3.5

Combine $\frac{1}{32}$ and $\cos (u)$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} - (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{32}) + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3.6

To write $- (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{32})$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{8}{8}$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t}{8} - (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{32}) \cdot \frac{8}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3.7

Combine $- (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{32})$ and $\frac{8}{8}$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t}{8} + \frac{- (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{32}) \cdot 8}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3.8

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{32}) \cdot 8}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.10.3.9

Multiply $8$ by $- 1$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - 8 (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{\cos (u)}{32})}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.11

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $4 t$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - 8 (\frac{t^{2}}{4} + \frac{\cos (4 t)}{32})}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.12

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.12.1

Apply the distributive property.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - 8 \frac{t^{2}}{4} - 8 \frac{\cos (4 t)}{32}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.12.2

Cancel the common factor of $4$ .

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Step 2.3.12.2.1

Factor $4$ out of $- 8$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t + 4 (- 2) \frac{t^{2}}{4} - 8 \frac{\cos (4 t)}{32}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.12.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t + 4 \cdot - 2 \frac{t^{2}}{4} - 8 \frac{\cos (4 t)}{32}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.12.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - 2 t^{2} - 8 \frac{\cos (4 t)}{32}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.12.3

Cancel the common factor of $8$ .

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Step 2.3.12.3.1

Factor $8$ out of $- 8$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - 2 t^{2} + 8 (- 1) \frac{\cos (4 t)}{32}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.12.3.2

Factor $8$ out of $32$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - 2 t^{2} + 8 \cdot - 1 \frac{\cos (4 t)}{8 \cdot 4}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.12.3.3

Cancel the common factor.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - 2 t^{2} + 8 \cdot - 1 \frac{\cos (4 t)}{8 \cdot 4}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.12.3.4

Rewrite the expression.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- \sin (4 t) t - 2 t^{2} - \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.13.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- \sin (4 t) t$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- (\sin (4 t) t) - 2 t^{2} - \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13.2

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 2 t^{2}$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- (\sin (4 t) t) - (2 t^{2}) - \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (\sin (4 t) t) - (2 t^{2})$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- (\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2}) - \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4}$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- (\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2}) - (\frac{\cos (4 t)}{4})}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2}) - (\frac{\cos (4 t)}{4})$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- (\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2} + \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4})}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13.6

Rewrite $- (\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2} + \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4})$ as $- 1 (\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2} + \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4})$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} + \frac{- 1 (\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2} + \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4})}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13.7

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2} + \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13.8

Reorder factors in $- \frac{\sin (4 t) t + 2 t^{2} + \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4}}{8}$ .

$y + C_{1} = \frac{t^{2}}{2} - \frac{t \sin (4 t) + 2 t^{2} + \frac{\cos (4 t)}{4}}{8} + \frac{t}{2} - \frac{\sin (4 t)}{8} + C_{4}$

Step 2.3.13.9

Reorder terms.

$y + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2} t^{2} - \frac{1}{8} (t \sin (4 t) + 2 t^{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cos (4 t)) + \frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t) + C_{4}$

Step 2.4

Group the constant of integration on the right side as $K$ .

$y = \frac{1}{2} t^{2} - \frac{1}{8} (t \sin (4 t) + 2 t^{2} + \frac{1}{4} \cos (4 t)) + \frac{1}{2} t - \frac{1}{8} \sin (4 t) + K$