Calculus Examples

$\frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{y}{x} + \frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}} + 1$

Step 1

Rewrite $\frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}$ as ${(\frac{y}{x})}^{2}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{y}{x} + {(\frac{y}{x})}^{2} + 1$

Step 2

Let $V = \frac{y}{x}$ . Substitute $V$ for $\frac{y}{x}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} = V + V^{2} + 1$

Step 3

Solve $V = \frac{y}{x}$ for $y$ .

$y = V x$

Step 4

Use the product rule to find the derivative of $y = V x$ with respect to $x$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} = x \frac{d V}{d x} + V$

Step 5

Substitute $x \frac{d V}{d x} + V$ for $\frac{d y}{d x}$ .

$x \frac{d V}{d x} + V = V + V^{2} + 1$

Step 6

Solve the substituted differential equation.

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Step 6.1

Separate the variables.

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Step 6.1.1

Solve for $\frac{d V}{d x}$ .

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Step 6.1.1.1

Move all terms not containing $\frac{d V}{d x}$ to the right side of the equation.

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Step 6.1.1.1.1

Subtract $V$ from both sides of the equation.

$x \frac{d V}{d x} = V + V^{2} + 1 - V$

Step 6.1.1.1.2

Combine the opposite terms in $V + V^{2} + 1 - V$ .

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Step 6.1.1.1.2.1

Subtract $V$ from $V$ .

$x \frac{d V}{d x} = V^{2} + 1 + 0$

Step 6.1.1.1.2.2

Add $V^{2} + 1$ and $0$ .

$x \frac{d V}{d x} = V^{2} + 1$

Step 6.1.1.2

Divide each term in $x \frac{d V}{d x} = V^{2} + 1$ by $x$ and simplify.

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Step 6.1.1.2.1

Divide each term in $x \frac{d V}{d x} = V^{2} + 1$ by $x$ .

$\frac{x \frac{d V}{d x}}{x} = \frac{V^{2}}{x} + \frac{1}{x}$

Step 6.1.1.2.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 6.1.1.2.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

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Step 6.1.1.2.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{x \frac{d V}{d x}}{x} = \frac{V^{2}}{x} + \frac{1}{x}$

Step 6.1.1.2.2.1.2

Divide $\frac{d V}{d x}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{V^{2}}{x} + \frac{1}{x}$

Step 6.1.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{V^{2} + 1}{x}$

Step 6.1.3

Multiply both sides by $\frac{1}{V^{2} + 1}$ .

$\frac{1}{V^{2} + 1} \frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{1}{V^{2} + 1} \cdot \frac{V^{2} + 1}{x}$

Step 6.1.4

Cancel the common factor of $V^{2} + 1$ .

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Step 6.1.4.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{V^{2} + 1} \frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{1}{V^{2} + 1} \cdot \frac{V^{2} + 1}{x}$

Step 6.1.4.2

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{V^{2} + 1} \frac{d V}{d x} = \frac{1}{x}$

Step 6.1.5

Rewrite the equation.

$\frac{1}{V^{2} + 1} d V = \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 6.2

Integrate both sides.

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Step 6.2.1

Set up an integral on each side.

$\int \frac{1}{V^{2} + 1} d V = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 6.2.2

Integrate the left side.

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Step 6.2.2.1

Simplify the expression.

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Step 6.2.2.1.1

Reorder $V^{2}$ and $1$ .

$\int \frac{1}{1 + V^{2}} d V = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 6.2.2.1.2

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$\int \frac{1}{1^{2} + V^{2}} d V = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 6.2.2.2

The integral of $\frac{1}{1^{2} + V^{2}}$ with respect to $V$ is $\arctan (V) + C_{1}$ .

$\arctan (V) + C_{1} = \int \frac{1}{x} d x$

Step 6.2.3

The integral of $\frac{1}{x}$ with respect to $x$ is $\ln (| x |)$ .

$\arctan (V) + C_{1} = \ln (| x |) + C_{2}$

Step 6.2.4

Group the constant of integration on the right side as $C$ .

$\arctan (V) = \ln (| x |) + C$

Step 6.3

Take the inverse arctangent of both sides of the equation to extract $V$ from inside the arctangent.

$V = \tan (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 7

Substitute $\frac{y}{x}$ for $V$ .

$\frac{y}{x} = \tan (\ln (| x |) + C)$

Step 8

Solve $\frac{y}{x} = \tan (\ln (| x |) + C)$ for $y$ .

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Step 8.1

Multiply both sides by $x$ .

$\frac{y}{x} x = \tan (\ln (| x |) + C) x$

Step 8.2

Simplify.

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Step 8.2.1

Simplify the left side.

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Step 8.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

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Step 8.2.1.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{y}{x} x = \tan (\ln (| x |) + C) x$

Step 8.2.1.1.2

Rewrite the expression.

$y = \tan (\ln (| x |) + C) x$

Step 8.2.2

Simplify the right side.

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Step 8.2.2.1

Reorder factors in $\tan (\ln (| x |) + C) x$ .

$y = x \tan (\ln (| x |) + C)$