Calculus Examples

$\frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{y^{2} (2 x + 2)}{x^{2}}$

Step 1

Separate the variables.

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Step 1.1

Regroup factors.

$\frac{d y}{d x} = y^{2} \frac{2 x + 2}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.2

Multiply both sides by $\frac{1}{y^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{y^{2}} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{1}{y^{2}} (y^{2} \frac{2 x + 2}{x^{2}})$

Step 1.3

Simplify.

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Step 1.3.1

Cancel the common factor of $y^{2}$ .

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Step 1.3.1.1

Factor $y^{2}$ out of $y^{2} \frac{2 x + 2}{x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{1}{y^{2}} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{1}{y^{2}} (y^{2} (\frac{2 x + 2}{x^{2}}))$

Step 1.3.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{y^{2}} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{1}{y^{2}} (y^{2} \frac{2 x + 2}{x^{2}})$

Step 1.3.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{y^{2}} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{2 x + 2}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.3.2

Factor $2$ out of $2 x + 2$ .

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Step 1.3.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $2 x$ .

$\frac{1}{y^{2}} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{2 (x) + 2}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.3.2.2

Factor $2$ out of $2$ .

$\frac{1}{y^{2}} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{2 (x) + 2 (1)}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.3.2.3

Factor $2$ out of $2 (x) + 2 (1)$ .

$\frac{1}{y^{2}} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{2 (x + 1)}{x^{2}}$

Step 1.4

Rewrite the equation.

$\frac{1}{y^{2}} d y = \frac{2 (x + 1)}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 2

Integrate both sides.

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Step 2.1

Set up an integral on each side.

$\int \frac{1}{y^{2}} d y = \int \frac{2 (x + 1)}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 2.2

Integrate the left side.

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Step 2.2.1

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 2.2.1.1

Move $y^{2}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\int {(y^{2})}^{- 1} d y = \int \frac{2 (x + 1)}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 2.2.1.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(y^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 2.2.1.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int y^{2 \cdot - 1} d y = \int \frac{2 (x + 1)}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 2.2.1.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$\int y^{- 2} d y = \int \frac{2 (x + 1)}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 2.2.2

By the Power Rule, the integral of $y^{- 2}$ with respect to $y$ is $- y^{- 1}$ .

$- y^{- 1} + C_{1} = \int \frac{2 (x + 1)}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 2.2.3

Rewrite $- y^{- 1} + C_{1}$ as $- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1}$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = \int \frac{2 (x + 1)}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 2.3

Integrate the right side.

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Step 2.3.1

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $2$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int \frac{x + 1}{x^{2}} d x$

Step 2.3.2

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 2.3.2.1

Move $x^{2}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int (x + 1) {(x^{2})}^{- 1} d x$

Step 2.3.2.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(x^{2})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 2.3.2.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int (x + 1) x^{2 \cdot - 1} d x$

Step 2.3.2.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int (x + 1) x^{- 2} d x$

Step 2.3.3

Multiply $(x + 1) x^{- 2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int x \cdot x^{- 2} + 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 2.3.4

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.4.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{- 2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.3.4.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x^{- 2}$ .

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Step 2.3.4.1.1.1

Raise $x$ to the power of $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int x^{1} x^{- 2} + 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 2.3.4.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int x^{1 - 2} + 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 2.3.4.1.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int x^{- 1} + 1 x^{- 2} d x$

Step 2.3.4.2

Multiply $x^{- 2}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 \int x^{- 1} + x^{- 2} d x$

Step 2.3.5

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 (\int x^{- 1} d x + \int x^{- 2} d x)$

Step 2.3.6

The integral of $x^{- 1}$ with respect to $x$ is $\ln (| x |)$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 (\ln (| x |) + C_{2} + \int x^{- 2} d x)$

Step 2.3.7

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{- 2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- x^{- 1}$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 (\ln (| x |) + C_{2} - x^{- 1} + C_{3})$

Step 2.3.8

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{y} + C_{1} = 2 (\ln (| x |) - \frac{1}{x}) + C_{4}$

Step 2.4

Group the constant of integration on the right side as $C$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} = 2 (\ln (| x |) - \frac{1}{x}) + C$

Step 3

Solve for $y$ .

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Step 3.1

Factor each term.

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Step 3.1.1

To write $\ln (| x |)$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{x}{x}$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} = 2 (\frac{\ln (| x |) x}{x} - \frac{1}{x}) + C$

Step 3.1.2

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$- \frac{1}{y} = 2 \frac{\ln (| x |) x - 1}{x} + C$

Step 3.1.3

Combine $2$ and $\frac{\ln (| x |) x - 1}{x}$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} + C$

Step 3.2

Find the LCD of the terms in the equation.

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Step 3.2.1

Finding the LCD of a list of values is the same as finding the LCM of the denominators of those values.

$y, x, 1$

Step 3.2.2

Since $y, x, 1$ contains both numbers and variables, there are two steps to find the LCM. Find LCM for the numeric part $1, 1, 1$ then find LCM for the variable part $y^{1}, x^{1}$ .

Step 3.2.3

The LCM is the smallest positive number that all of the numbers divide into evenly.

1. List the prime factors of each number.

2. Multiply each factor the greatest number of times it occurs in either number.

Step 3.2.4

The number $1$ is not a prime number because it only has one positive factor, which is itself.

Not prime

Step 3.2.5

The LCM of $1, 1, 1$ is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either number.

$1$

Step 3.2.6

The factor for $y^{1}$ is $y$ itself.

$y^{1} = y$

$y$ occurs $1$ time.

Step 3.2.7

The factor for $x^{1}$ is $x$ itself.

$x^{1} = x$

$x$ occurs $1$ time.

Step 3.2.8

The LCM of $y^{1}, x^{1}$ is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either term.

$y x$

Step 3.3

Multiply each term in $- \frac{1}{y} = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} + C$ by $y x$ to eliminate the fractions.

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Step 3.3.1

Multiply each term in $- \frac{1}{y} = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} + C$ by $y x$ .

$- \frac{1}{y} (y x) = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} (y x) + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 3.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $y$ .

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Step 3.3.2.1.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{1}{y}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{- 1}{y} (y x) = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} (y x) + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.2.1.2

Factor $y$ out of $y x$ .

$\frac{- 1}{y} (y (x)) = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} (y x) + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.2.1.3

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 1}{y} (y x) = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} (y x) + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.2.1.4

Rewrite the expression.

$- x = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} (y x) + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.3.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.3.3.1.1

Cancel the common factor of $x$ .

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Step 3.3.3.1.1.1

Factor $x$ out of $y x$ .

$- x = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} (x y) + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3.1.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

$- x = \frac{2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1)}{x} (x y) + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3.1.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- x = 2 (\ln (| x |) x - 1) y + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$- x = (2 (\ln (| x |) x) + 2 \cdot - 1) y + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3.1.3

Multiply $2 (\ln (| x |) x)$ .

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Step 3.3.3.1.3.1

Reorder $\ln (| x |)$ and $2$ .

$- x = (2 \cdot \ln (| x |) x + 2 \cdot - 1) y + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3.1.3.2

Simplify $2 \cdot \ln (| x |)$ by moving $2$ inside the logarithm.

$- x = (\ln ({| x |}^{2}) x + 2 \cdot - 1) y + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3.1.4

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$- x = (\ln ({| x |}^{2}) x - 2) y + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3.1.5

Remove the absolute value in ${| x |}^{2}$ because exponentiations with even powers are always positive.

$- x = (\ln (x^{2}) x - 2) y + C (y x)$

Step 3.3.3.1.6

Apply the distributive property.

$- x = \ln (x^{2}) x y - 2 y + C y x$

Step 3.3.3.2

Reorder factors in $\ln (x^{2}) x y - 2 y + C y x$ .

$- x = x y \ln (x^{2}) - 2 y + C y x$

Step 3.4

Solve the equation.

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Step 3.4.1

Rewrite the equation as $x y \ln (x^{2}) - 2 y + C y x = - x$ .

$x y \ln (x^{2}) - 2 y + C y x = - x$

Step 3.4.2

Factor $y$ out of $x y \ln (x^{2}) - 2 y + C y x$ .

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Step 3.4.2.1

Factor $y$ out of $x y \ln (x^{2})$ .

$y (x \ln (x^{2})) - 2 y + C y x = - x$

Step 3.4.2.2

Factor $y$ out of $- 2 y$ .

$y (x \ln (x^{2})) + y \cdot - 2 + C y x = - x$

Step 3.4.2.3

Factor $y$ out of $C y x$ .

$y (x \ln (x^{2})) + y \cdot - 2 + y (C x) = - x$

Step 3.4.2.4

Factor $y$ out of $y (x \ln (x^{2})) + y \cdot - 2$ .

$y (x \ln (x^{2}) - 2) + y (C x) = - x$

Step 3.4.2.5

Factor $y$ out of $y (x \ln (x^{2}) - 2) + y (C x)$ .

$y (x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x) = - x$

Step 3.4.3

Divide each term in $y (x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x) = - x$ by $x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x$ and simplify.

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Step 3.4.3.1

Divide each term in $y (x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x) = - x$ by $x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x$ .

$\frac{y (x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x)}{x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x} = \frac{- x}{x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x}$

Step 3.4.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 3.4.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x$ .

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Step 3.4.3.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{y (x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x)}{x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x} = \frac{- x}{x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x}$

Step 3.4.3.2.1.2

Divide $y$ by $1$ .

$y = \frac{- x}{x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x}$

Step 3.4.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 3.4.3.3.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$y = - \frac{x}{x \ln (x^{2}) - 2 + C x}$