Calculus Examples

$2 y - 3 x + 3 + (x + 1) \frac{d y}{d x} = 0$

Step 1

Rewrite the differential equation as $\frac{d y}{d x} + M (x) y = Q (x)$ .

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Step 1.1

Rewrite the equation as $M (x) \frac{d y}{d x} + P (x) y = Q (x)$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Add $3 x$ to both sides of the equation.

$2 y + 3 + (x + 1) \frac{d y}{d x} = 3 x$

Step 1.1.2

Subtract $3$ from both sides of the equation.

$2 y + (x + 1) \frac{d y}{d x} = 3 x - 3$

Step 1.1.3

Reorder terms.

$(x + 1) \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 y = 3 x - 3$

Step 1.2

Divide each term in $(x + 1) \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 y = 3 x - 3$ by $x + 1$ .

$\frac{(x + 1) \frac{d y}{d x}}{x + 1} + \frac{2 y}{x + 1} = \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 1.3

Cancel the common factor of $x + 1$ .

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Step 1.3.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(x + 1) \frac{d y}{d x}}{x + 1} + \frac{2 y}{x + 1} = \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 1.3.2

Divide $\frac{d y}{d x}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{2 y}{x + 1} = \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 1.4

Factor $y$ out of $\frac{2 y}{x + 1}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + y \frac{2}{x + 1} = \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 1.5

Reorder $y$ and $\frac{2}{x + 1}$ .

$\frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{2}{x + 1} y = \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 2

The integrating factor is defined by the formula $e^{\int P (x) d x}$ , where $P (x) = \frac{2}{x + 1}$ .

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Step 2.1

Set up the integration.

$e^{\int \frac{2}{x + 1} d x}$

Step 2.2

Integrate $\frac{2}{x + 1}$ .

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Step 2.2.1

Since $2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $2$ out of the integral.

$e^{2 \int \frac{1}{x + 1} d x}$

Step 2.2.2

Let $u = x + 1$ . Then $d u = d x$ . Rewrite using $u$ and $d$ $u$ .

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Step 2.2.2.1

Let $u = x + 1$ . Find $\frac{d u}{d x}$ .

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Step 2.2.2.1.1

Differentiate $x + 1$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x + 1]$

Step 2.2.2.1.2

By the Sum Rule, the derivative of $x + 1$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [x] + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$

Step 2.2.2.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 1$ .

$1 + \frac{d}{d x} [1]$

Step 2.2.2.1.4

Since $1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $1$ with respect to $x$ is $0$ .

$1 + 0$

Step 2.2.2.1.5

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$1$

Step 2.2.2.2

Rewrite the problem using $u$ and $d u$ .

$e^{2 \int \frac{1}{u} d u}$

Step 2.2.3

The integral of $\frac{1}{u}$ with respect to $u$ is $\ln (| u |)$ .

$e^{2 (\ln (| u |) + C)}$

Step 2.2.4

Simplify.

$e^{2 \ln (| u |) + C}$

Step 2.2.5

Replace all occurrences of $u$ with $x + 1$ .

$e^{2 \ln (| x + 1 |) + C}$

Step 2.3

Remove the constant of integration.

$e^{2 \ln (x + 1)}$

Step 2.4

Use the logarithmic power rule.

$e^{\ln ({(x + 1)}^{2})}$

Step 2.5

Exponentiation and log are inverse functions.

${(x + 1)}^{2}$

Step 2.6

Rewrite ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ as $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ .

$(x + 1) (x + 1)$

Step 2.7

Expand $(x + 1) (x + 1)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 2.7.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1)$

Step 2.7.2

Apply the distributive property.

$x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 (x + 1)$

Step 2.7.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x \cdot x + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1$

Step 2.8

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 2.8.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.8.1.1

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} + x \cdot 1 + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1$

Step 2.8.1.2

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} + x + 1 x + 1 \cdot 1$

Step 2.8.1.3

Multiply $x$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} + x + x + 1 \cdot 1$

Step 2.8.1.4

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} + x + x + 1$

Step 2.8.2

Add $x$ and $x$ .

$x^{2} + 2 x + 1$

Step 3

Multiply each term by the integrating factor $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ .

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Step 3.1

Multiply each term by $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{d y}{d x} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (\frac{2}{x + 1} y) = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + 1 \frac{d y}{d x} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (\frac{2}{x + 1} y) = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.2

Multiply $\frac{d y}{d x}$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (\frac{2}{x + 1} y) = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.3

Combine $\frac{2}{x + 1}$ and $y$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{2 y}{x + 1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.4

Multiply $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ by $\frac{2 y}{x + 1}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (2 y)}{x + 1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.5

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 3.2.5.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{(x^{2} + 2 x + 1^{2}) \cdot 2 y}{x + 1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.5.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$2 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 1$

Step 3.2.5.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{(x^{2} + 2 \cdot x \cdot 1 + 1^{2}) \cdot 2 y}{x + 1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.5.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} + 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a + b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot 2 y}{x + 1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.6

Cancel the common factor of ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ and $x + 1$ .

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Step 3.2.6.1

Factor $x + 1$ out of ${(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot 2 y$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{(x + 1) ((x + 1) \cdot 2 y)}{x + 1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.6.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 3.2.6.2.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{(x + 1) ((x + 1) \cdot 2 y)}{(x + 1) \cdot 1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.6.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{(x + 1) ((x + 1) \cdot 2 y)}{(x + 1) \cdot 1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.6.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{(x + 1) \cdot 2 y}{1} = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.6.2.4

Divide $(x + 1) \cdot 2 y$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + (x + 1) \cdot 2 y = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.7

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + (x \cdot 2 + 1 \cdot 2) y = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.8

Move $2$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + (2 \cdot x + 1 \cdot 2) y = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.9

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + (2 \cdot x + 2) y = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.2.10

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.3.1

Multiply $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ by $\frac{3 x}{x + 1}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = \frac{(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (3 x)}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.2

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 3.3.2.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = \frac{(x^{2} + 2 x + 1^{2}) \cdot 3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.2.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$2 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 1$

Step 3.3.2.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = \frac{(x^{2} + 2 \cdot x \cdot 1 + 1^{2}) \cdot 3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.2.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} + 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a + b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = \frac{{(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot 3 x}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.3

Cancel the common factor of ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ and $x + 1$ .

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Step 3.3.3.1

Factor $x + 1$ out of ${(x + 1)}^{2} \cdot 3 x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = \frac{(x + 1) ((x + 1) \cdot 3 x)}{x + 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.3.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 3.3.3.2.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = \frac{(x + 1) ((x + 1) \cdot 3 x)}{(x + 1) \cdot 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = \frac{(x + 1) ((x + 1) \cdot 3 x)}{(x + 1) \cdot 1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.3.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = \frac{(x + 1) \cdot 3 x}{1} + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.3.2.4

Divide $(x + 1) \cdot 3 x$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = (x + 1) \cdot 3 x + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.4

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = (x \cdot 3 + 1 \cdot 3) x + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.5

Move $3$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = (3 \cdot x + 1 \cdot 3) x + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.6

Multiply $3$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = (3 \cdot x + 3) x + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.7

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x \cdot x + 3 x + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.8

Multiply $x$ by $x$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.3.8.1

Move $x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 (x \cdot x) + 3 x + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.8.2

Multiply $x$ by $x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) \frac{- 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.9

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + (x^{2} + 2 x + 1) (- \frac{3}{x + 1})$

Step 3.3.10

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + x^{2} (- \frac{3}{x + 1}) + 2 x (- \frac{3}{x + 1}) + 1 (- \frac{3}{x + 1})$

Step 3.3.11

Simplify.

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Step 3.3.11.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - x^{2} \frac{3}{x + 1} + 2 x (- \frac{3}{x + 1}) + 1 (- \frac{3}{x + 1})$

Step 3.3.11.2

Multiply $2 x (- \frac{3}{x + 1})$ .

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Step 3.3.11.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $2$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - x^{2} \frac{3}{x + 1} - 2 x \frac{3}{x + 1} + 1 (- \frac{3}{x + 1})$

Step 3.3.11.2.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{3}{x + 1}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - x^{2} \frac{3}{x + 1} + x \frac{- 2 \cdot 3}{x + 1} + 1 (- \frac{3}{x + 1})$

Step 3.3.11.2.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $3$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - x^{2} \frac{3}{x + 1} + x \frac{- 6}{x + 1} + 1 (- \frac{3}{x + 1})$

Step 3.3.11.2.4

Combine $x$ and $\frac{- 6}{x + 1}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - x^{2} \frac{3}{x + 1} + \frac{x \cdot - 6}{x + 1} + 1 (- \frac{3}{x + 1})$

Step 3.3.11.3

Multiply $- \frac{3}{x + 1}$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - x^{2} \frac{3}{x + 1} + \frac{x \cdot - 6}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.12

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.3.12.1

Combine $\frac{3}{x + 1}$ and $x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - \frac{3 x^{2}}{x + 1} + \frac{x \cdot - 6}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.12.2

Move $- 6$ to the left of $x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - \frac{3 x^{2}}{x + 1} + \frac{- 6 \cdot x}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.12.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - \frac{3 x^{2}}{x + 1} - \frac{6 x}{x + 1} - \frac{3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.13

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{- 3 x^{2} - 6 x - 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 3.3.14.1

Factor $3$ out of $- 3 x^{2} - 6 x - 3$ .

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Step 3.3.14.1.1

Factor $3$ out of $- 3 x^{2}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x^{2}) - 6 x - 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.1.2

Factor $3$ out of $- 6 x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x^{2}) + 3 (- 2 x) - 3}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.1.3

Factor $3$ out of $- 3$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x^{2}) + 3 (- 2 x) + 3 (- 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.1.4

Factor $3$ out of $3 (- x^{2}) + 3 (- 2 x)$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x^{2} - 2 x) + 3 (- 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.1.5

Factor $3$ out of $3 (- x^{2} - 2 x) + 3 (- 1)$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x^{2} - 2 x - 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.2

Factor by grouping.

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Step 3.3.14.2.1

For a polynomial of the form $a x^{2} + b x + c$ , rewrite the middle term as a sum of two terms whose product is $a \cdot c = - 1 \cdot - 1 = 1$ and whose sum is $b = - 2$ .

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Step 3.3.14.2.1.1

Factor $- 2$ out of $- 2 x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x^{2} - 2 (x) - 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.2.1.2

Rewrite $- 2$ as $- 1$ plus $- 1$

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x^{2} + (- 1 - 1) x - 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.2.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x^{2} - 1 x - 1 x - 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor from each group.

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Step 3.3.14.2.2.1

Group the first two terms and the last two terms.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 ((- x^{2} - 1 x) - 1 x - 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.2.2.2

Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) from each group.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (x (- x - 1) + 1 (- x - 1))}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.2.3

Factor the polynomial by factoring out the greatest common factor, $- x - 1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 ((- x - 1) (x + 1))}{x + 1}$

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- x - 1) (x + 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3

Combine exponents.

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Step 3.3.14.3.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $- x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- (x) - 1) (x + 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3.2

Rewrite $- 1$ as $- 1 (1)$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- (x) - 1 (1)) (x + 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (x) - 1 (1)$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- (x + 1)) (x + 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3.4

Rewrite $- (x + 1)$ as $- 1 (x + 1)$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 (- 1 (x + 1)) (x + 1)}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3.5

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 \cdot - 1 ({(x + 1)}^{1} (x + 1))}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3.6

Raise $x + 1$ to the power of $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 \cdot - 1 ({(x + 1)}^{1} {(x + 1)}^{1})}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3.7

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 \cdot - 1 {(x + 1)}^{1 + 1}}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3.8

Add $1$ and $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{3 \cdot - 1 {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.14.3.9

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{- 3 {(x + 1)}^{2}}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.15

Cancel the common factor of ${(x + 1)}^{2}$ and $x + 1$ .

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Step 3.3.15.1

Factor $x + 1$ out of $- 3 {(x + 1)}^{2}$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{(x + 1) (- 3 (x + 1))}{x + 1}$

Step 3.3.15.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 3.3.15.2.1

Multiply by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{(x + 1) (- 3 (x + 1))}{(x + 1) \cdot 1}$

Step 3.3.15.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{(x + 1) (- 3 (x + 1))}{(x + 1) \cdot 1}$

Step 3.3.15.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x + \frac{- 3 (x + 1)}{1}$

Step 3.3.15.2.4

Divide $- 3 (x + 1)$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - 3 (x + 1)$

Step 3.3.16

Apply the distributive property.

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - 3 x - 3 \cdot 1$

Step 3.3.17

Multiply $- 3$ by $1$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 3 x - 3 x - 3$

Step 3.4

Combine the opposite terms in $3 x^{2} + 3 x - 3 x - 3$ .

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Step 3.4.1

Subtract $3 x$ from $3 x$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} + 0 - 3$

Step 3.4.2

Add $3 x^{2}$ and $0$ .

$x^{2} \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x \frac{d y}{d x} + \frac{d y}{d x} + 2 x y + 2 y = 3 x^{2} - 3$

Step 4

Rewrite the left side as a result of differentiating a product.

$\frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y] = 3 x^{2} - 3$

Step 5

Set up an integral on each side.

$\int \frac{d}{d x} [(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y] d x = \int 3 x^{2} - 3 d x$

Step 6

Integrate the left side.

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = \int 3 x^{2} - 3 d x$

Step 7

Integrate the right side.

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Step 7.1

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = \int 3 x^{2} d x + \int - 3 d x$

Step 7.2

Since $3$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $3$ out of the integral.

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = 3 \int x^{2} d x + \int - 3 d x$

Step 7.3

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{3} x^{3}$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = 3 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) + \int - 3 d x$

Step 7.4

Apply the constant rule.

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = 3 (\frac{1}{3} x^{3} + C) - 3 x + C$

Step 7.5

Simplify.

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Step 7.5.1

Combine $\frac{1}{3}$ and $x^{3}$ .

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = 3 (\frac{x^{3}}{3} + C) - 3 x + C$

Step 7.5.2

Simplify.

$(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = x^{3} - 3 x + C$

Step 8

Divide each term in $(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = x^{3} - 3 x + C$ by $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ and simplify.

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Step 8.1

Divide each term in $(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y = x^{3} - 3 x + C$ by $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ .

$\frac{(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} = \frac{x^{3}}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{- 3 x}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 8.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $x^{2} + 2 x + 1$ .

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Step 8.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{(x^{2} + 2 x + 1) y}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} = \frac{x^{3}}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{- 3 x}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.2.1.2

Divide $y$ by $1$ .

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{- 3 x}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 8.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.3.1.1

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 8.3.1.1.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1^{2}} + \frac{- 3 x}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.3.1.1.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$2 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 1$

Step 8.3.1.1.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{x^{2} + 2 \cdot x \cdot 1 + 1^{2}} + \frac{- 3 x}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.3.1.1.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} + 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a + b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- 3 x}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.3.1.2

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 8.3.1.2.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- 3 x}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1^{2}} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.3.1.2.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$2 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 1$

Step 8.3.1.2.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- 3 x}{x^{2} + 2 \cdot x \cdot 1 + 1^{2}} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.3.1.2.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} + 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a + b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{- 3 x}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.3.1.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{3 x}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1}$

Step 8.3.1.4

Factor using the perfect square rule.

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Step 8.3.1.4.1

Rewrite $1$ as $1^{2}$ .

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{3 x}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 x + 1^{2}}$

Step 8.3.1.4.2

Check that the middle term is two times the product of the numbers being squared in the first term and third term.

$2 x = 2 \cdot x \cdot 1$

Step 8.3.1.4.3

Rewrite the polynomial.

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{3 x}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{C}{x^{2} + 2 \cdot x \cdot 1 + 1^{2}}$

Step 8.3.1.4.4

Factor using the perfect square trinomial rule $a^{2} + 2 a b + b^{2} = {(a + b)}^{2}$ , where $a = x$ and $b = 1$ .

$y = \frac{x^{3}}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} - \frac{3 x}{{(x + 1)}^{2}} + \frac{C}{{(x + 1)}^{2}}$