Calculus Examples

$\frac{d y}{d x} = - 2 x^{3} y$

Step 1

Separate the variables.

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Step 1.1

Multiply both sides by $\frac{1}{y}$ .

$\frac{1}{y} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{1}{y} (- 2 x^{3} y)$

Step 1.2

Simplify.

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Step 1.2.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{1}{y} \frac{d y}{d x} = - 2 \frac{1}{y} (x^{3} y)$

Step 1.2.2

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{y}$ .

$\frac{1}{y} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{- 2}{y} (x^{3} y)$

Step 1.2.3

Cancel the common factor of $y$ .

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Step 1.2.3.1

Factor $y$ out of $x^{3} y$ .

$\frac{1}{y} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{- 2}{y} (y x^{3})$

Step 1.2.3.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{y} \frac{d y}{d x} = \frac{- 2}{y} (y x^{3})$

Step 1.2.3.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{y} \frac{d y}{d x} = - 2 x^{3}$

Step 1.3

Rewrite the equation.

$\frac{1}{y} d y = - 2 x^{3} d x$

Step 2

Integrate both sides.

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Step 2.1

Set up an integral on each side.

$\int \frac{1}{y} d y = \int - 2 x^{3} d x$

Step 2.2

The integral of $\frac{1}{y}$ with respect to $y$ is $\ln (| y |)$ .

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = \int - 2 x^{3} d x$

Step 2.3

Integrate the right side.

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Step 2.3.1

Since $- 2$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 2$ out of the integral.

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = - 2 \int x^{3} d x$

Step 2.3.2

By the Power Rule, the integral of $x^{3}$ with respect to $x$ is $\frac{1}{4} x^{4}$ .

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = - 2 (\frac{1}{4} x^{4} + C_{2})$

Step 2.3.3

Simplify the answer.

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Step 2.3.3.1

Rewrite $- 2 (\frac{1}{4} x^{4} + C_{2})$ as $- 2 (\frac{1}{4}) x^{4} + C_{2}$ .

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = - 2 (\frac{1}{4}) x^{4} + C_{2}$

Step 2.3.3.2

Simplify.

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Step 2.3.3.2.1

Combine $- 2$ and $\frac{1}{4}$ .

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = \frac{- 2}{4} x^{4} + C_{2}$

Step 2.3.3.2.2

Cancel the common factor of $- 2$ and $4$ .

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Step 2.3.3.2.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $- 2$ .

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = \frac{2 (- 1)}{4} x^{4} + C_{2}$

Step 2.3.3.2.2.2

Cancel the common factors.

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Step 2.3.3.2.2.2.1

Factor $2$ out of $4$ .

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2} x^{4} + C_{2}$

Step 2.3.3.2.2.2.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = \frac{2 \cdot - 1}{2 \cdot 2} x^{4} + C_{2}$

Step 2.3.3.2.2.2.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = \frac{- 1}{2} x^{4} + C_{2}$

Step 2.3.3.2.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\ln (| y |) + C_{1} = - \frac{1}{2} x^{4} + C_{2}$

Step 2.4

Group the constant of integration on the right side as $C$ .

$\ln (| y |) = - \frac{1}{2} x^{4} + C$

Step 3

Solve for $y$ .

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Step 3.1

To solve for $y$ , rewrite the equation using properties of logarithms.

$e^{\ln (| y |)} = e^{- \frac{1}{2} x^{4} + C}$

Step 3.2

Rewrite $\ln (| y |) = - \frac{1}{2} x^{4} + C$ in exponential form using the definition of a logarithm. If $x$ and $b$ are positive real numbers and $b \neq 1$ , then $\log_{b} (x) = y$ is equivalent to $b^{y} = x$ .

$e^{- \frac{1}{2} x^{4} + C} = | y |$

Step 3.3

Solve for $y$ .

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Step 3.3.1

Rewrite the equation as $| y | = e^{- \frac{1}{2} x^{4} + C}$ .

$| y | = e^{- \frac{1}{2} x^{4} + C}$

Step 3.3.2

Combine $x^{4}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$| y | = e^{- \frac{x^{4}}{2} + C}$

Step 3.3.3

Remove the absolute value term. This creates a $\pm$ on the right side of the equation because $| x | = \pm x$ .

$y = \pm e^{- \frac{x^{4}}{2} + C}$

Step 4

Group the constant terms together.

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Step 4.1

Rewrite $e^{- \frac{x^{4}}{2} + C}$ as $e^{- \frac{x^{4}}{2}} e^{C}$ .

$y = \pm e^{- \frac{x^{4}}{2}} e^{C}$

Step 4.2

Reorder $e^{- \frac{x^{4}}{2}}$ and $e^{C}$ .

$y = \pm e^{C} e^{- \frac{x^{4}}{2}}$

Step 4.3

Combine constants with the plus or minus.

$y = C e^{- \frac{x^{4}}{2}}$