Calculus Examples

$x y^{3} d x + e^{x^{2}} d y = 0$

Step 1

Subtract $x y^{3} d x$ from both sides of the equation.

$e^{x^{2}} d y = - x y^{3} d x$

Step 2

Multiply both sides by $\frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}}$ .

$\frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}} e^{x^{2}} d y = \frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}} (- x y^{3}) d x$

Step 3

Simplify.

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Step 3.1

Cancel the common factor of $e^{x^{2}}$ .

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Step 3.1.1

Factor $e^{x^{2}}$ out of $e^{x^{2}} y^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} (y^{3})} e^{x^{2}} d y = \frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}} (- x y^{3}) d x$

Step 3.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}} e^{x^{2}} d y = \frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}} (- x y^{3}) d x$

Step 3.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = \frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}} (- x y^{3}) d x$

Step 3.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = - \frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}} (x y^{3}) d x$

Step 3.3

Cancel the common factor of $y^{3}$ .

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Step 3.3.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = \frac{- 1}{e^{x^{2}} y^{3}} (x y^{3}) d x$

Step 3.3.2

Factor $y^{3}$ out of $e^{x^{2}} y^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = \frac{- 1}{y^{3} e^{x^{2}}} (x y^{3}) d x$

Step 3.3.3

Factor $y^{3}$ out of $x y^{3}$ .

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = \frac{- 1}{y^{3} e^{x^{2}}} (y^{3} x) d x$

Step 3.3.4

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = \frac{- 1}{y^{3} e^{x^{2}}} (y^{3} x) d x$

Step 3.3.5

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = \frac{- 1}{e^{x^{2}}} x d x$

Step 3.4

Combine $\frac{- 1}{e^{x^{2}}}$ and $x$ .

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = \frac{- x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 3.5

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$\frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4

Integrate both sides.

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Step 4.1

Set up an integral on each side.

$\int \frac{1}{y^{3}} d y = \int - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.2

Integrate the left side.

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Step 4.2.1

Apply basic rules of exponents.

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Step 4.2.1.1

Move $y^{3}$ out of the denominator by raising it to the $- 1$ power.

$\int {(y^{3})}^{- 1} d y = \int - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.2.1.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(y^{3})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 4.2.1.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$\int y^{3 \cdot - 1} d y = \int - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.2.1.2.2

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\int y^{- 3} d y = \int - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.2.2

By the Power Rule, the integral of $y^{- 3}$ with respect to $y$ is $- \frac{1}{2} y^{- 2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} y^{- 2} + C_{1} = \int - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.2.3

Simplify the answer.

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Step 4.2.3.1

Rewrite $- \frac{1}{2} y^{- 2} + C_{1}$ as $- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{y^{2}} + C_{1}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{y^{2}} + C_{1} = \int - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.2.3.2

Simplify.

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Step 4.2.3.2.1

Multiply $\frac{1}{y^{2}}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{y^{2} \cdot 2} + C_{1} = \int - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.2.3.2.2

Move $2$ to the left of $y^{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = \int - \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.3

Integrate the right side.

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Step 4.3.1

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , move $- 1$ out of the integral.

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - \int \frac{x}{e^{x^{2}}} d x$

Step 4.3.2

Simplify the expression.

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Step 4.3.2.1

Negate the exponent of $e^{x^{2}}$ and move it out of the denominator.

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - \int x {(e^{x^{2}})}^{- 1} d x$

Step 4.3.2.2

Multiply the exponents in ${(e^{x^{2}})}^{- 1}$ .

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Step 4.3.2.2.1

Apply the power rule and multiply exponents, ${(a^{m})}^{n} = a^{m n}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - \int x e^{x^{2} \cdot - 1} d x$

Step 4.3.2.2.2

Move $- 1$ to the left of $x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - \int x e^{- 1 \cdot x^{2}} d x$

Step 4.3.2.2.3

Rewrite $- 1 x^{2}$ as $- x^{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - \int x e^{- x^{2}} d x$

Step 4.3.3

Let $u_{2} = e^{- x^{2}}$ . Then $d u_{2} = - 2 x e^{- x^{2}} d x$ , so $- \frac{1}{2} d u_{2} = x e^{- x^{2}} d x$ . Rewrite using $u_{2}$ and $d$ $u_{2}$ .

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Step 4.3.3.1

Let $u_{2} = e^{- x^{2}}$ . Find $\frac{d u_{2}}{d x}$ .

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Step 4.3.3.1.1

Differentiate $e^{- x^{2}}$ .

$\frac{d}{d x} [e^{- x^{2}}]$

Step 4.3.3.1.2

Differentiate using the chain rule, which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [f (g (x))]$ is $f' (g (x)) g' (x)$ where $f (x) = e^{x}$ and $g (x) = - x^{2}$ .

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Step 4.3.3.1.2.1

To apply the Chain Rule, set $u_{1}$ as $- x^{2}$ .

$\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [e^{u_{1}}] \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$

Step 4.3.3.1.2.2

Differentiate using the Exponential Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d u_{1}} [a^{u_{1}}]$ is $a^{u_{1}} \ln (a)$ where $a$ = $e$ .

$e^{u_{1}} \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$

Step 4.3.3.1.2.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{1}$ with $- x^{2}$ .

$e^{- x^{2}} \frac{d}{d x} [- x^{2}]$

Step 4.3.3.1.3

Differentiate.

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Step 4.3.3.1.3.1

Since $- 1$ is constant with respect to $x$ , the derivative of $- x^{2}$ with respect to $x$ is $- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}]$ .

$e^{- x^{2}} (- \frac{d}{d x} [x^{2}])$

Step 4.3.3.1.3.2

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that $\frac{d}{d x} [x^{n}]$ is $n x^{n - 1}$ where $n = 2$ .

$e^{- x^{2}} (- (2 x))$

Step 4.3.3.1.3.3

Multiply $2$ by $- 1$ .

$e^{- x^{2}} (- 2 x)$

Step 4.3.3.1.4

Simplify.

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Step 4.3.3.1.4.1

Reorder the factors of $e^{- x^{2}} (- 2 x)$ .

$- 2 e^{- x^{2}} x$

Step 4.3.3.1.4.2

Reorder factors in $- 2 e^{- x^{2}} x$ .

$- 2 x e^{- x^{2}}$

Step 4.3.3.2

Rewrite the problem using $u_{2}$ and $d u_{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - \int \frac{1}{- 2} d u_{2}$

Step 4.3.4

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - \int - \frac{1}{2} d u_{2}$

Step 4.3.5

Apply the constant rule.

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - (- \frac{1}{2} u_{2} + C_{2})$

Step 4.3.6

Simplify the answer.

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Step 4.3.6.1

Simplify.

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - (- \frac{1}{2} u_{2}) + C_{2}$

Step 4.3.6.2

Simplify.

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Step 4.3.6.2.1

Combine $u_{2}$ and $\frac{1}{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = - - \frac{u_{2}}{2} + C_{2}$

Step 4.3.6.2.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = 1 \frac{u_{2}}{2} + C_{2}$

Step 4.3.6.2.3

Multiply $\frac{u_{2}}{2}$ by $1$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = \frac{u_{2}}{2} + C_{2}$

Step 4.3.6.3

Replace all occurrences of $u_{2}$ with $e^{- x^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} + C_{2}$

Step 4.3.6.4

Reorder terms.

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} + C_{1} = \frac{1}{2} e^{- x^{2}} + C_{2}$

Step 4.4

Group the constant of integration on the right side as $K$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} = \frac{1}{2} e^{- x^{2}} + K$

Step 5

Solve for $y$ .

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Step 5.1

Combine $\frac{1}{2}$ and $e^{- x^{2}}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} = \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} + K$

Step 5.2

Find the LCD of the terms in the equation.

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Step 5.2.1

Finding the LCD of a list of values is the same as finding the LCM of the denominators of those values.

$2 y^{2}, 2, 1$

Step 5.2.2

Since $2 y^{2}, 2, 1$ contains both numbers and variables, there are two steps to find the LCM. Find LCM for the numeric part $2, 2, 1$ then find LCM for the variable part $y^{2}$ .

Step 5.2.3

The LCM is the smallest positive number that all of the numbers divide into evenly.

1. List the prime factors of each number.

2. Multiply each factor the greatest number of times it occurs in either number.

Step 5.2.4

Since $2$ has no factors besides $1$ and $2$ .

$2$ is a prime number

Step 5.2.5

The number $1$ is not a prime number because it only has one positive factor, which is itself.

Not prime

Step 5.2.6

The LCM of $2, 2, 1$ is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either number.

$2$

Step 5.2.7

The factors for $y^{2}$ are $y \cdot y$ , which is $y$ multiplied by each other $2$ times.

$y^{2} = y \cdot y$

$y$ occurs $2$ times.

Step 5.2.8

The LCM of $y^{2}$ is the result of multiplying all prime factors the greatest number of times they occur in either term.

$y \cdot y$

Step 5.2.9

Multiply $y$ by $y$ .

$y^{2}$

Step 5.2.10

The LCM for $2 y^{2}, 2, 1$ is the numeric part $2$ multiplied by the variable part.

$2 y^{2}$

Step 5.3

Multiply each term in $- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} = \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} + K$ by $2 y^{2}$ to eliminate the fractions.

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Step 5.3.1

Multiply each term in $- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} = \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} + K$ by $2 y^{2}$ .

$- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}} (2 y^{2}) = \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} (2 y^{2}) + K (2 y^{2})$

Step 5.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 5.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $2 y^{2}$ .

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Step 5.3.2.1.1

Move the leading negative in $- \frac{1}{2 y^{2}}$ into the numerator.

$\frac{- 1}{2 y^{2}} (2 y^{2}) = \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} (2 y^{2}) + K (2 y^{2})$

Step 5.3.2.1.2

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 1}{2 y^{2}} (2 y^{2}) = \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} (2 y^{2}) + K (2 y^{2})$

Step 5.3.2.1.3

Rewrite the expression.

$- 1 = \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} (2 y^{2}) + K (2 y^{2})$

Step 5.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 5.3.3.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.3.1.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- 1 = 2 \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} y^{2} + K (2 y^{2})$

Step 5.3.3.1.2

Cancel the common factor of $2$ .

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Step 5.3.3.1.2.1

Cancel the common factor.

$- 1 = 2 \frac{e^{- x^{2}}}{2} y^{2} + K (2 y^{2})$

Step 5.3.3.1.2.2

Rewrite the expression.

$- 1 = e^{- x^{2}} y^{2} + K (2 y^{2})$

Step 5.3.3.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$- 1 = e^{- x^{2}} y^{2} + 2 K y^{2}$

Step 5.3.3.2

Reorder factors in $e^{- x^{2}} y^{2} + 2 K y^{2}$ .

$- 1 = y^{2} e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K y^{2}$

Step 5.4

Solve the equation.

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Step 5.4.1

Rewrite the equation as $y^{2} e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K y^{2} = - 1$ .

$y^{2} e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K y^{2} = - 1$

Step 5.4.2

Factor $y^{2}$ out of $y^{2} e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K y^{2}$ .

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Step 5.4.2.1

Factor $y^{2}$ out of $y^{2} e^{- x^{2}}$ .

$y^{2} (e^{- x^{2}}) + 2 K y^{2} = - 1$

Step 5.4.2.2

Factor $y^{2}$ out of $2 K y^{2}$ .

$y^{2} (e^{- x^{2}}) + y^{2} (2 K) = - 1$

Step 5.4.2.3

Factor $y^{2}$ out of $y^{2} (e^{- x^{2}}) + y^{2} (2 K)$ .

$y^{2} (e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K) = - 1$

Step 5.4.3

Divide each term in $y^{2} (e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K) = - 1$ by $e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K$ and simplify.

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Step 5.4.3.1

Divide each term in $y^{2} (e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K) = - 1$ by $e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K$ .

$\frac{y^{2} (e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K)}{e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K} = \frac{- 1}{e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K}$

Step 5.4.3.2

Simplify the left side.

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Step 5.4.3.2.1

Cancel the common factor of $e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K$ .

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Step 5.4.3.2.1.1

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{y^{2} (e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K)}{e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K} = \frac{- 1}{e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K}$

Step 5.4.3.2.1.2

Divide $y^{2}$ by $1$ .

$y^{2} = \frac{- 1}{e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K}$

Step 5.4.3.3

Simplify the right side.

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Step 5.4.3.3.1

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$y^{2} = - \frac{1}{e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K}$

Step 5.4.4

Take the specified root of both sides of the equation to eliminate the exponent on the left side.

$y = \pm \sqrt{- \frac{1}{e^{- x^{2}} + 2 K}}$

Step 5.4.5

The complete solution is the result of both the positive and negative portions of the solution.

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Step 5.4.5.1

First, use the positive value of the $\pm$ to find the first solution.