Basic Math Examples

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2}}{(b - c) \cdot (c - a)} + \frac{{(b - c)}^{2}}{(c - a) \cdot (a - b)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) \cdot (b - c)}$

Step 1

Multiply $a - b$ by $b - c$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2}}{(b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(b - c)}^{2}}{(c - a) (a - b)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 2

To write $\frac{{(a - b)}^{2}}{(b - c) (c - a)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{a - b}{a - b}$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2}}{(b - c) (c - a)} \cdot \frac{a - b}{a - b} + \frac{{(b - c)}^{2}}{(c - a) (a - b)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 3

To write $\frac{{(b - c)}^{2}}{(c - a) (a - b)}$ as a fraction with a common denominator, multiply by $\frac{b - c}{b - c}$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2}}{(b - c) (c - a)} \cdot \frac{a - b}{a - b} + \frac{{(b - c)}^{2}}{(c - a) (a - b)} \cdot \frac{b - c}{b - c} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 4

Write each expression with a common denominator of $(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)$ , by multiplying each by an appropriate factor of $1$ .

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Step 4.1

Multiply $\frac{{(a - b)}^{2}}{(b - c) (c - a)}$ by $\frac{a - b}{a - b}$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2} (a - b)}{(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)} + \frac{{(b - c)}^{2}}{(c - a) (a - b)} \cdot \frac{b - c}{b - c} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 4.2

Multiply $\frac{{(b - c)}^{2}}{(c - a) (a - b)}$ by $\frac{b - c}{b - c}$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2} (a - b)}{(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)} + \frac{{(b - c)}^{2} (b - c)}{(c - a) (a - b) (b - c)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 4.3

Reorder the factors of $(b - c) (c - a) (a - b)$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2} (a - b)}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(b - c)}^{2} (b - c)}{(c - a) (a - b) (b - c)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 4.4

Reorder the factors of $(c - a) (a - b) (b - c)$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2} (a - b)}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(b - c)}^{2} (b - c)}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 5

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2} (a - b) + {(b - c)}^{2} (b - c)}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.1

Simplify the numerator.

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Step 6.1.1

Multiply ${(a - b)}^{2}$ by $a - b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.1.1

Multiply ${(a - b)}^{2}$ by $a - b$ .

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Step 6.1.1.1.1

Raise $a - b$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2} {(a - b)}^{1} + {(b - c)}^{2} (b - c)}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.1.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{2 + 1} + {(b - c)}^{2} (b - c)}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.1.2

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{3} + {(b - c)}^{2} (b - c)}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.2

Multiply ${(b - c)}^{2}$ by $b - c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.2.1

Multiply ${(b - c)}^{2}$ by $b - c$ .

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Step 6.1.2.1.1

Raise $b - c$ to the power of $1$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{3} + {(b - c)}^{2} {(b - c)}^{1}}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.2.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{3} + {(b - c)}^{2 + 1}}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.2.2

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$\frac{{(a - b)}^{3} + {(b - c)}^{3}}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.3

Since both terms are perfect cubes, factor using the sum of cubes formula, $a^{3} + b^{3} = (a + b) (a^{2} - a b + b^{2})$ where $a = a - b$ and $b = b - c$ .

$\frac{(a - b + b - c) ({(a - b)}^{2} - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4

Simplify.

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Step 6.1.4.1

Add $- b$ and $b$ .

$\frac{(a + 0 - c) ({(a - b)}^{2} - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.2

Add $a$ and $0$ .

$\frac{(a - c) ({(a - b)}^{2} - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.3

Rewrite ${(a - b)}^{2}$ as $(a - b) (a - b)$ .

$\frac{(a - c) ((a - b) (a - b) - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.4

Expand $(a - b) (a - b)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 6.1.4.4.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a (a - b) - b (a - b) - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.4.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a \cdot a + a (- b) - b (a - b) - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.4.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a \cdot a + a (- b) - b a - b (- b) - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 6.1.4.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.1.4.5.1.1

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} + a (- b) - b a - b (- b) - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - a b - b a - b (- b) - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - a b - b a - 1 \cdot - 1 b \cdot b - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5.1.4

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.4.5.1.4.1

Move $b$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - a b - b a - 1 \cdot - 1 (b \cdot b) - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5.1.4.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - a b - b a - 1 \cdot - 1 b^{2} - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - a b - b a + 1 b^{2} - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5.1.6

Multiply $b^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - a b - b a + b^{2} - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5.2

Subtract $b a$ from $- a b$ .

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Step 6.1.4.5.2.1

Move $b$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - a b - 1 a b + b^{2} - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.5.2.2

Subtract $a b$ from $- a b$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - (a - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.6

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} + (- a - - b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.7

Multiply $- - b$ .

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Step 6.1.4.7.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} + (- a + 1 b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.7.2

Multiply $b$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} + (- a + b) (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.8

Expand $(- a + b) (b - c)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 6.1.4.8.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a (b - c) + b (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.8.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b - a (- c) + b (b - c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.8.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b - a (- c) + b \cdot b + b (- c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.9

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.1.4.9.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b - 1 \cdot - 1 a c + b \cdot b + b (- c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.9.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + 1 a c + b \cdot b + b (- c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.9.3

Multiply $a$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b \cdot b + b (- c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.9.4

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} + b (- c) + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.9.5

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + {(b - c)}^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.10

Rewrite ${(b - c)}^{2}$ as $(b - c) (b - c)$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + (b - c) (b - c))}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.11

Expand $(b - c) (b - c)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 6.1.4.11.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b (b - c) - c (b - c))}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.11.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b \cdot b + b (- c) - c (b - c))}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.11.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b \cdot b + b (- c) - c b - c (- c))}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 6.1.4.12.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 6.1.4.12.1.1

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} + b (- c) - c b - c (- c))}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - b c - c b - c (- c))}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - b c - c b - 1 \cdot - 1 c \cdot c)}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12.1.4

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 6.1.4.12.1.4.1

Move $c$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - b c - c b - 1 \cdot - 1 (c \cdot c))}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12.1.4.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - b c - c b - 1 \cdot - 1 c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - b c - c b + 1 c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12.1.6

Multiply $c^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - b c - c b + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12.2

Subtract $c b$ from $- b c$ .

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Step 6.1.4.12.2.1

Move $c$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - b c - 1 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.12.2.2

Subtract $b c$ from $- b c$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} - 2 a b + b^{2} - a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - 2 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.13

Subtract $a b$ from $- 2 a b$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} + b^{2} - 3 a b + a c + b^{2} - b c + b^{2} - 2 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.14

Add $b^{2}$ and $b^{2}$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} + 2 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - b c + b^{2} - 2 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.15

Add $2 b^{2}$ and $b^{2}$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - b c - 2 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.1.4.16

Subtract $2 b c$ from $- b c$ .

$\frac{(a - c) (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.2

Cancel the common factor of $a - c$ and $c - a$ .

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Step 6.2.1

Factor $- 1$ out of $a$ .

$\frac{(- 1 (- a) - c) (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.2.2

Factor $- 1$ out of $- c$ .

$\frac{(- 1 (- a) - (c)) (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.2.3

Factor $- 1$ out of $- 1 (- a) - (c)$ .

$\frac{- 1 (- a + c) (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (c - a)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.2.4

Reorder terms.

$\frac{- 1 (- a + c) (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (- a + c)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.2.5

Cancel the common factor.

$\frac{- 1 (- a + c) (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c) (- a + c)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.2.6

Rewrite the expression.

$\frac{- 1 (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2})}{(a - b) (b - c)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 6.3

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)} + \frac{{(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 7

Combine the numerators over the common denominator.

$\frac{- (a^{2} + 3 b^{2} - 3 a b + a c - 3 b c + c^{2}) + {(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- a^{2} - (3 b^{2}) - (- 3 a b) - (a c) - (- 3 b c) - c^{2} + {(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.2

Simplify.

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Step 8.2.1

Multiply $3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} - (- 3 a b) - (a c) - (- 3 b c) - c^{2} + {(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.2.2

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 (a b) - (a c) - (- 3 b c) - c^{2} + {(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.2.3

Multiply $- 3$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 (a b) - a c + 3 (b c) - c^{2} + {(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.3

Remove parentheses.

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + {(c - a)}^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.4

Rewrite ${(c - a)}^{2}$ as $(c - a) (c - a)$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + (c - a) (c - a)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.5

Expand $(c - a) (c - a)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 8.5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c (c - a) - a (c - a)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.5.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c \cdot c + c (- a) - a (c - a)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.5.3

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c \cdot c + c (- a) - a c - a (- a)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 8.6.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 8.6.1.1

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} + c (- a) - a c - a (- a)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6.1.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - c a - a c - a (- a)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6.1.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - c a - a c - 1 \cdot - 1 a \cdot a}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6.1.4

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 8.6.1.4.1

Move $a$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - c a - a c - 1 \cdot - 1 (a \cdot a)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6.1.4.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - c a - a c - 1 \cdot - 1 a^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6.1.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - c a - a c + 1 a^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6.1.6

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $1$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - c a - a c + a^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6.2

Subtract $a c$ from $- c a$ .

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Step 8.6.2.1

Move $c$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - a c - a c + a^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 8.6.2.2

Subtract $a c$ from $- a c$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - 2 a c + a^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9

Simplify terms.

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Step 9.1

Combine the opposite terms in $- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - c^{2} + c^{2} - 2 a c + a^{2}$ .

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Step 9.1.1

Add $- c^{2}$ and $c^{2}$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c + 0 - 2 a c + a^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.1.2

Add $- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- a^{2} - 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - 2 a c + a^{2}}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.1.3

Add $- a^{2}$ and $a^{2}$ .

$\frac{- 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - 2 a c + 0}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.1.4

Add $- 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - 2 a c$ and $0$ .

$\frac{- 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - a c + 3 b c - 2 a c}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.2

Subtract $2 a c$ from $- a c$ .

$\frac{- 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - 3 a c + 3 b c}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.3

Factor $3$ out of $- 3 b^{2} + 3 a b - 3 a c + 3 b c$ .

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Step 9.3.1

Factor $3$ out of $- 3 b^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 (- b^{2}) + 3 a b - 3 a c + 3 b c}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.3.2

Factor $3$ out of $3 a b$ .

$\frac{3 (- b^{2}) + 3 (a b) - 3 a c + 3 b c}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.3.3

Factor $3$ out of $- 3 a c$ .

$\frac{3 (- b^{2}) + 3 (a b) + 3 (- a c) + 3 b c}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.3.4

Factor $3$ out of $3 b c$ .

$\frac{3 (- b^{2}) + 3 (a b) + 3 (- a c) + 3 (b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.3.5

Factor $3$ out of $3 (- b^{2}) + 3 (a b)$ .

$\frac{3 (- b^{2} + a b) + 3 (- a c) + 3 (b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.3.6

Factor $3$ out of $3 (- b^{2} + a b) + 3 (- a c)$ .

$\frac{3 (- b^{2} + a b - a c) + 3 (b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.3.7

Factor $3$ out of $3 (- b^{2} + a b - a c) + 3 (b c)$ .

$\frac{3 (- b^{2} + a b - a c + b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.4

Factor $- 1$ out of $- b^{2}$ .

$\frac{3 (- (b^{2}) + a b - a c + b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.5

Factor $- 1$ out of $a b$ .

$\frac{3 (- (b^{2}) - (- a b) - a c + b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.6

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (b^{2}) - (- a b)$ .

$\frac{3 (- (b^{2} - a b) - a c + b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.7

Factor $- 1$ out of $- a c$ .

$\frac{3 (- (b^{2} - a b) - (a c) + b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.8

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (b^{2} - a b) - (a c)$ .

$\frac{3 (- (b^{2} - a b + a c) + b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.9

Factor $- 1$ out of $b c$ .

$\frac{3 (- (b^{2} - a b + a c) - (- b c))}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.10

Factor $- 1$ out of $- (b^{2} - a b + a c) - (- b c)$ .

$\frac{3 (- (b^{2} - a b + a c - b c))}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.11

Simplify the expression.

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Step 9.11.1

Rewrite $- (b^{2} - a b + a c - b c)$ as $- 1 (b^{2} - a b + a c - b c)$ .

$\frac{3 (- 1 (b^{2} - a b + a c - b c))}{(a - b) (b - c)}$

Step 9.11.2

Move the negative in front of the fraction.

$- \frac{3 (b^{2} - a b + a c - b c)}{(a - b) (b - c)}$