Examples

$x^{2} - 1$

Step 1

If a polynomial function has integer coefficients, then every rational zero will have the form

$\frac{p}{q}$ where

$p$ is a factor of the constant and

$q$ is a factor of the leading coefficient.

$p = \pm 1$

$q = \pm 1$

Step 2

Find every combination of

$\pm \frac{p}{q}$ . These are the possible roots of the polynomial function.

$\pm 1$

Step 3

Substitute the possible roots one by one into the polynomial to find the actual roots. Simplify to check if the value is

$0$ , which means it is a root.

${(1)}^{2} - 1$

Step 4

Simplify the expression. In this case, the expression is equal to

$0$ so

$x = 1$ is a root of the polynomial.

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Step 4.1

One to any power is one.

$1 - 1$

Step 4.2

Subtract

$1$ from

$1$ .

$0$

Step 5

Since

$1$ is a known root, divide the polynomial by

$x - 1$ to find the quotient polynomial. This polynomial can then be used to find the remaining roots.

$\frac{x^{2} - 1}{x - 1}$

Step 6

Next, find the roots of the remaining polynomial. The order of the polynomial has been reduced by

$1$ .

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Step 6.1

Place the numbers representing the divisor and the dividend into a division-like configuration.

$1$	$1$	$0$	$- 1$

Step 6.2

The first number in the dividend

$(1)$ is put into the first position of the result area (below the horizontal line).

$1$	$1$	$0$	$- 1$

	$1$

Step 6.3

Multiply the newest entry in the result

$(1)$ by the divisor

$(1)$ and place the result of

$(1)$ under the next term in the dividend

$(0)$ .

$1$	$1$	$0$	$- 1$
		$1$
	$1$

Step 6.4

Add the product of the multiplication and the number from the dividend and put the result in the next position on the result line.

$1$	$1$	$0$	$- 1$
		$1$
	$1$	$1$

Step 6.5

Multiply the newest entry in the result

$(1)$ by the divisor

$(1)$ and place the result of

$(1)$ under the next term in the dividend

$(- 1)$ .

$1$	$1$	$0$	$- 1$
		$1$	$1$
	$1$	$1$

Step 6.6

Add the product of the multiplication and the number from the dividend and put the result in the next position on the result line.

$1$	$1$	$0$	$- 1$
		$1$	$1$
	$1$	$1$	$0$

Step 6.7

All numbers except the last become the coefficients of the quotient polynomial. The last value in the result line is the remainder.

$(1) x + 1$

Step 6.8

Simplify the quotient polynomial.

$x + 1$

Step 7

Subtract

$1$ from both sides of the equation.

$x = - 1$

Step 8

The polynomial can be written as a set of linear factors.

$(x - 1) (x + 1)$

Step 9

These are the roots (zeros) of the polynomial

$x^{2} - 1$ .

$x = 1, - 1$

Step 10

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