Examples

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 3 & 7 & - 1 - 2 & 1 & 12 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 3 & 7 & - 1 \\ - 2 & 1 & 12 \end{array}]$

Step 1

Find the reduced row echelon form.

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Step 1.1

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} - 3 R_{1}

$R_{2} = R_{2} - 3 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

2, 1

$2, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 1.1.1

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} - 3 R_{1}

$R_{2} = R_{2} - 3 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

2, 1

$2, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 3 - 3 \cdot 1 & 7 - 3 \cdot 4 & - 1 - 3 \cdot 3 - 2 & 1 & 12 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 3 - 3 \cdot 1 & 7 - 3 \cdot 4 & - 1 - 3 \cdot 3 \\ - 2 & 1 & 12 \end{array}]$

Step 1.1.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & - 5 & - 10 - 2 & 1 & 12 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & - 5 & - 10 \\ - 2 & 1 & 12 \end{array}]$

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & - 5 & - 10 - 2 & 1 & 12 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & - 5 & - 10 \\ - 2 & 1 & 12 \end{array}]$

Step 1.2

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{1}

$R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

3, 1

$3, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 1.2.1

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{1}

$R_{3} = R_{3} + 2 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

3, 1

$3, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & - 5 & - 10 - 2 + 2 \cdot 1 & 1 + 2 \cdot 4 & 12 + 2 \cdot 3 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & - 5 & - 10 \\ - 2 + 2 \cdot 1 & 1 + 2 \cdot 4 & 12 + 2 \cdot 3 \end{array}]$

Step 1.2.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & - 5 & - 10 0 & 9 & 18 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & - 5 & - 10 \\ 0 & 9 & 18 \end{array}]$

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & - 5 & - 10 0 & 9 & 18 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & - 5 & - 10 \\ 0 & 9 & 18 \end{array}]$

Step 1.3

Multiply each element of

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ by

- \frac{1}{5}

$- \frac{1}{5}$ to make the entry at

2, 2

$2, 2$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 1.3.1

Multiply each element of

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ by

- \frac{1}{5}

$- \frac{1}{5}$ to make the entry at

2, 2

$2, 2$ a

1

$1$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 - \frac{1}{5} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot - 5 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot - 10 0 & 9 & 18 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ - \frac{1}{5} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot - 5 & - \frac{1}{5} \cdot - 10 \\ 0 & 9 & 18 \end{array}]$

Step 1.3.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & 1 & 2 0 & 9 & 18 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 9 & 18 \end{array}]$

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & 1 & 2 0 & 9 & 18 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 9 & 18 \end{array}]$

Step 1.4

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} - 9 R_{2}

$R_{3} = R_{3} - 9 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

3, 2

$3, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 1.4.1

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} - 9 R_{2}

$R_{3} = R_{3} - 9 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

3, 2

$3, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & 1 & 2 0 - 9 \cdot 0 & 9 - 9 \cdot 1 & 18 - 9 \cdot 2 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 - 9 \cdot 0 & 9 - 9 \cdot 1 & 18 - 9 \cdot 2 \end{array}]$

Step 1.4.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & 1 & 2 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 4 & 3 0 & 1 & 2 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 4 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 1.5

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} - 4 R_{2}

$R_{1} = R_{1} - 4 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

1, 2

$1, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 1.5.1

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} - 4 R_{2}

$R_{1} = R_{1} - 4 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

1, 2

$1, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 - 4 \cdot 0 & 4 - 4 \cdot 1 & 3 - 4 \cdot 2 0 & 1 & 2 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 - 4 \cdot 0 & 4 - 4 \cdot 1 & 3 - 4 \cdot 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 1.5.2

Simplify

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ .

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & - 5 0 & 1 & 2 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - 5 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & - 5 0 & 1 & 2 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - 5 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & - 5 0 & 1 & 2 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & - 5 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 2

The pivot positions are the locations with the leading

1

$1$ in each row. The pivot columns are the columns that have a pivot position.

Pivot Positions:

a_{11}

$a_{11}$ and

a_{22}

$a_{22}$

Pivot Columns:

1

$1$ and

2

$2$

Step 3

The basis for the column space of a matrix is formed by considering corresponding pivot columns in the original matrix. The dimension of

Col (A)

$Col (A)$ is the number of vectors in a basis for

Col (A)

$Col (A)$ .

Basis of

Col (A)

$Col (A)$ :

⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ ⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 13 - 2 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦, ⎡ ⎢ ⎣ \begin{matrix} 471 \end{matrix} ⎤ ⎥ ⎦ ⎫ ⎪ ⎬ ⎪ ⎭

${[\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 3 \\ - 2 \end{array}], [\begin{array}{c} 4 \\ 7 \\ 1 \end{array}]}$

Dimension of

Col (A)

$Col (A)$ :

2

$2$

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