Examples

$S ([\begin{array}{c} a \\ b \\ c \end{array}]) = [\begin{array}{c} 2 a - 6 b + 6 c \\ a + 2 b + c \\ 2 a + b + 2 c \end{array}]$

Step 1

The kernel of a transformation is a vector that makes the transformation equal to the zero vector (the pre-image of the transformation).

$[\begin{array}{c} 2 a - 6 b + 6 c \\ a + 2 b + c \\ 2 a + b + 2 c \end{array}] = 0$

Step 2

Create a system of equations from the vector equation.

$2 a - 6 b + 6 c = 0$

$a + 2 b + c = 0$

$2 a + b + 2 c = 0$

Step 3

Write the system as a matrix.

$[\begin{array}{c} 2 & - 6 & 6 & 0 \\ 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 2 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4

Find the reduced row echelon form.

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Step 4.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

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Step 4.1.1

Multiply each element of $R_{1}$ by $\frac{1}{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 1$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} \frac{2}{2} & \frac{- 6}{2} & \frac{6}{2} & \frac{0}{2} \\ 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 2 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.1.2

Simplify $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 2 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $2, 1$ a $0$ .

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Step 4.2.1

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} - R_{1}$ to make the entry at $2, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 1 - 1 & 2 + 3 & 1 - 3 & 0 - 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 2 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.2.2

Simplify $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 & - 2 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 2 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - 2 R_{1}$ to make the entry at $3, 1$ a $0$ .

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Step 4.3.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - 2 R_{1}$ to make the entry at $3, 1$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 & - 2 & 0 \\ 2 - 2 \cdot 1 & 1 - 2 \cdot - 3 & 2 - 2 \cdot 3 & 0 - 2 \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2

Simplify $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 & - 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 7 & - 4 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.4

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $\frac{1}{5}$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

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Step 4.4.1

Multiply each element of $R_{2}$ by $\frac{1}{5}$ to make the entry at $2, 2$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ \frac{0}{5} & \frac{5}{5} & \frac{- 2}{5} & \frac{0}{5} \\ 0 & 7 & - 4 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.4.2

Simplify $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{5} & 0 \\ 0 & 7 & - 4 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.5

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - 7 R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

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Step 4.5.1

Perform the row operation $R_{3} = R_{3} - 7 R_{2}$ to make the entry at $3, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{5} & 0 \\ 0 - 7 \cdot 0 & 7 - 7 \cdot 1 & - 4 - 7 (- \frac{2}{5}) & 0 - 7 \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.5.2

Simplify $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{5} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \frac{6}{5} & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.6

Multiply each element of $R_{3}$ by $- \frac{5}{6}$ to make the entry at $3, 3$ a $1$ .

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Step 4.6.1

Multiply each element of $R_{3}$ by $- \frac{5}{6}$ to make the entry at $3, 3$ a $1$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{5} & 0 \\ - \frac{5}{6} \cdot 0 & - \frac{5}{6} \cdot 0 & - \frac{5}{6} (- \frac{6}{5}) & - \frac{5}{6} \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.6.2

Simplify $R_{3}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{5} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.7

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} + \frac{2}{5} R_{3}$ to make the entry at $2, 3$ a $0$ .

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Step 4.7.1

Perform the row operation $R_{2} = R_{2} + \frac{2}{5} R_{3}$ to make the entry at $2, 3$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 + \frac{2}{5} \cdot 0 & 1 + \frac{2}{5} \cdot 0 & - \frac{2}{5} + \frac{2}{5} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{2}{5} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.7.2

Simplify $R_{2}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 3 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.8

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} - 3 R_{3}$ to make the entry at $1, 3$ a $0$ .

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Step 4.8.1

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} - 3 R_{3}$ to make the entry at $1, 3$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 - 3 \cdot 0 & - 3 - 3 \cdot 0 & 3 - 3 \cdot 1 & 0 - 3 \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.8.2

Simplify $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & - 3 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.9

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} + 3 R_{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 2$ a $0$ .

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Step 4.9.1

Perform the row operation $R_{1} = R_{1} + 3 R_{2}$ to make the entry at $1, 2$ a $0$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 + 3 \cdot 0 & - 3 + 3 \cdot 1 & 0 + 3 \cdot 0 & 0 + 3 \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4.9.2

Simplify $R_{1}$ .

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 5

Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.

$a = 0$

$b = 0$

$c = 0$

Step 6

Write a solution vector by solving in terms of the free variables in each row.

$[\begin{array}{c} a \\ b \\ c \end{array}] = [\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{array}]$

Step 7

Write as a solution set.

${[\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$

Step 8

The kernel of $S$ is the subspace ${[\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$ .

$K (S) = {[\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{array}]}$

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