Examples

Find the Eigenvectors/Eigenspace
Step 1
Find the eigenvalues.
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Step 1.1
Set up the formula to find the characteristic equation .
Step 1.2
The identity matrix or unit matrix of size is the square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
Step 1.3
Substitute the known values into .
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Step 1.3.1
Substitute for .
Step 1.3.2
Substitute for .
Step 1.4
Simplify.
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Step 1.4.1
Simplify each term.
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Step 1.4.1.1
Multiply by each element of the matrix.
Step 1.4.1.2
Simplify each element in the matrix.
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Step 1.4.1.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.2
Multiply .
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Step 1.4.1.2.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.3
Multiply .
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Step 1.4.1.2.3.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.3.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.4
Multiply .
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Step 1.4.1.2.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.6
Multiply .
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Step 1.4.1.2.6.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.6.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.7
Multiply .
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Step 1.4.1.2.7.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.7.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.8
Multiply .
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Step 1.4.1.2.8.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.8.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.1.2.9
Multiply by .
Step 1.4.2
Add the corresponding elements.
Step 1.4.3
Simplify each element.
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Step 1.4.3.1
Add and .
Step 1.4.3.2
Add and .
Step 1.4.3.3
Add and .
Step 1.4.3.4
Add and .
Step 1.4.3.5
Add and .
Step 1.4.3.6
Add and .
Step 1.4.3.7
Subtract from .
Step 1.5
Find the determinant.
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Step 1.5.1
Choose the row or column with the most elements. If there are no elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row by its cofactor and add.
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Step 1.5.1.1
Consider the corresponding sign chart.
Step 1.5.1.2
The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a position on the sign chart.
Step 1.5.1.3
The minor for is the determinant with row and column deleted.
Step 1.5.1.4
Multiply element by its cofactor.
Step 1.5.1.5
The minor for is the determinant with row and column deleted.
Step 1.5.1.6
Multiply element by its cofactor.
Step 1.5.1.7
The minor for is the determinant with row and column deleted.
Step 1.5.1.8
Multiply element by its cofactor.
Step 1.5.1.9
Add the terms together.
Step 1.5.2
Evaluate .
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Step 1.5.2.1
The determinant of a matrix can be found using the formula .
Step 1.5.2.2
Simplify the determinant.
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Step 1.5.2.2.1
Simplify each term.
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Step 1.5.2.2.1.1
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.5.2.2.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.2.2.1.3
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.5.2.2.1.4
Simplify each term.
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Step 1.5.2.2.1.4.1
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
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Step 1.5.2.2.1.4.1.1
Move .
Step 1.5.2.2.1.4.1.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.2.2.1.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.2.2.1.4.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.2.2.1.5
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.2.2.2
Reorder and .
Step 1.5.3
Evaluate .
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Step 1.5.3.1
The determinant of a matrix can be found using the formula .
Step 1.5.3.2
Simplify each term.
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Step 1.5.3.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.3.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.4
Evaluate .
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Step 1.5.4.1
The determinant of a matrix can be found using the formula .
Step 1.5.4.2
Simplify the determinant.
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Step 1.5.4.2.1
Simplify each term.
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Step 1.5.4.2.1.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.4.2.1.2
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.5.4.2.1.3
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.4.2.1.4
Multiply .
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Step 1.5.4.2.1.4.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.4.2.1.4.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.4.2.2
Subtract from .
Step 1.5.4.2.3
Reorder and .
Step 1.5.5
Simplify the determinant.
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Step 1.5.5.1
Simplify each term.
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Step 1.5.5.1.1
Expand by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.
Step 1.5.5.1.2
Simplify each term.
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Step 1.5.5.1.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.5.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.5.1.2.3
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
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Step 1.5.5.1.2.3.1
Move .
Step 1.5.5.1.2.3.2
Multiply by .
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Step 1.5.5.1.2.3.2.1
Raise to the power of .
Step 1.5.5.1.2.3.2.2
Use the power rule to combine exponents.
Step 1.5.5.1.2.3.3
Add and .
Step 1.5.5.1.2.4
Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.
Step 1.5.5.1.2.5
Multiply by by adding the exponents.
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Step 1.5.5.1.2.5.1
Move .
Step 1.5.5.1.2.5.2
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.5.1.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.5.1.2.7
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.5.1.3
Add and .
Step 1.5.5.1.4
Add and .
Step 1.5.5.1.5
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.5.5.1.6
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.5.1.7
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.5.1.8
Apply the distributive property.
Step 1.5.5.1.9
Multiply by .
Step 1.5.5.2
Combine the opposite terms in .
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Step 1.5.5.2.1
Add and .
Step 1.5.5.2.2
Add and .
Step 1.5.5.3
Add and .
Step 1.5.5.4
Add and .
Step 1.5.5.5
Reorder and .
Step 1.6
Set the characteristic polynomial equal to to find the eigenvalues .
Step 1.7
Solve for .
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Step 1.7.1
Graph each side of the equation. The solution is the x-value of the point of intersection.
Step 2
The eigenvector is equal to the null space of the matrix minus the eigenvalue times the identity matrix where is the null space and is the identity matrix.
Step 3
Find the eigenvector using the eigenvalue .
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Step 3.1
Substitute the known values into the formula.
Step 3.2
Simplify.
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Step 3.2.1
Simplify each term.
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Step 3.2.1.1
Multiply by each element of the matrix.
Step 3.2.1.2
Simplify each element in the matrix.
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Step 3.2.1.2.1
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.1.2.2
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.1.2.3
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.1.2.4
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.1.2.5
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.1.2.6
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.1.2.7
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.1.2.8
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.1.2.9
Multiply by .
Step 3.2.2
Add the corresponding elements.
Step 3.2.3
Simplify each element.
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Step 3.2.3.1
Subtract from .
Step 3.2.3.2
Add and .
Step 3.2.3.3
Add and .
Step 3.2.3.4
Add and .
Step 3.2.3.5
Subtract from .
Step 3.2.3.6
Add and .
Step 3.2.3.7
Add and .
Step 3.2.3.8
Add and .
Step 3.2.3.9
Subtract from .
Step 3.3
Find the null space when .
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Step 3.3.1
Write as an augmented matrix for .
Step 3.3.2
Find the reduced row echelon form.
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Step 3.3.2.1
Multiply each element of by to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.1.1
Multiply each element of by to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.1.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.2.2
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.2.1
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.2.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.2.3
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.3.1
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.3.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.2.4
Multiply each element of by to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.4.1
Multiply each element of by to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.4.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.2.5
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.5.1
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.5.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.2.6
Multiply each element of by to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.6.1
Multiply each element of by to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.6.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.2.7
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.7.1
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.7.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.2.8
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.8.1
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.8.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.2.9
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
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Step 3.3.2.9.1
Perform the row operation to make the entry at a .
Step 3.3.2.9.2
Simplify .
Step 3.3.3
Use the result matrix to declare the final solution to the system of equations.
Step 3.3.4
Write a solution vector by solving in terms of the free variables in each row.
Step 3.3.5
Write as a solution set.
Step 4
The eigenspace of is the list of the vector space for each eigenvalue.
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