Linear Algebra Examples

$[\begin{array}{c} 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in column $1$ by its cofactor and add.

Tap for more steps...

Step 1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \\ + & - & + & - \\ - & + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 1.5

The minor for $a_{21}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 1.6

Multiply element $a_{21}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 1.7

The minor for $a_{31}$ is the determinant with row $3$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 1.8

Multiply element $a_{31}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 1.9

The minor for $a_{41}$ is the determinant with row $4$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.10

Multiply element $a_{41}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 1.11

Add the terms together.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

$0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$

Step 3

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array} |$ .

$0 - 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $2$ by its cofactor and add.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 4.1.3

The minor for $a_{21}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.4

Multiply element $a_{21}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.5

The minor for $a_{22}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.6

Multiply element $a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

$1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.7

The minor for $a_{23}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.8

Multiply element $a_{23}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 4.1.9

Add the terms together.

$0 - 1 (0 | \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

$0 - 1 (0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.3

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

$0 - 1 (0 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} | + 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$0 - 1 (0 + 1 (1 \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot 1) + 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.4.2.1.1

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$0 - 1 (0 + 1 (1 - 2 \cdot 1) + 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.4.2.1.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $1$ .

$0 - 1 (0 + 1 (1 - 2) + 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.4.2.2

Subtract $2$ from $1$ .

$0 - 1 (0 + 1 \cdot - 1 + 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.5

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 4.5.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$0 - 1 (0 - 1 + 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.5.2

Subtract $1$ from $0$ .

$0 - 1 (- 1 + 0) + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 4.5.3

Add $- 1$ and $0$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0$

Step 5

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $2$ by its cofactor and add.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.1.3

The minor for $a_{21}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{21}$ by its cofactor.

$- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.5

The minor for $a_{22}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{22}$ by its cofactor.

$0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.7

The minor for $a_{23}$ is the determinant with row $2$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{23}$ by its cofactor.

$- 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} | - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |) + 0$

Step 5.2

Multiply $0$ by $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 | \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} | + 0 - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |) + 0$

Step 5.3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 (2 \cdot 1 - 1 \cdot 1) + 0 - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |) + 0$

Step 5.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.3.2.1.1

Multiply $2$ by $1$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 (2 - 1 \cdot 1) + 0 - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |) + 0$

Step 5.3.2.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 (2 - 1) + 0 - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |) + 0$

Step 5.3.2.2

Subtract $1$ from $2$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 \cdot 1 + 0 - 2 | \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |) + 0$

Step 5.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 \cdot 1 + 0 - 2 (1 \cdot 1 - 2 \cdot 2)) + 0$

Step 5.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.4.2.1.1

Multiply $1$ by $1$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 \cdot 1 + 0 - 2 (1 - 2 \cdot 2)) + 0$

Step 5.4.2.1.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $2$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 \cdot 1 + 0 - 2 (1 - 4)) + 0$

Step 5.4.2.2

Subtract $4$ from $1$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 \cdot 1 + 0 - 2 \cdot - 3) + 0$

Step 5.5

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.5.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 5.5.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 + 0 - 2 \cdot - 3) + 0$

Step 5.5.1.2

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 3$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 + 0 + 6) + 0$

Step 5.5.2

Add $- 1$ and $0$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 (- 1 + 6) + 0$

Step 5.5.3

Add $- 1$ and $6$ .

$0 - 1 \cdot - 1 + 1 \cdot 5 + 0$

Step 6

Simplify the determinant.

Tap for more steps...

Step 6.1

Simplify each term.

Tap for more steps...

Step 6.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$0 + 1 + 1 \cdot 5 + 0$

Step 6.1.2

Multiply $5$ by $1$ .

$0 + 1 + 5 + 0$

Step 6.2

Add $0$ and $1$ .

$1 + 5 + 0$

Step 6.3

Add $1$ and $5$ .

$6 + 0$

Step 6.4

Add $6$ and $0$ .

$6$

Enter YOUR Problem