Linear Algebra Examples

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 8 & 1 & 10 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 8 & 1 & 10 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 \end{array}]$

Step 1

To determine if the columns in the matrix are linearly dependent, determine if the equation

A x = 0

$A x = 0$ has any non-trivial solutions.

Step 2

Write as an augmented matrix for

A x = 0

$A x = 0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 8 & 1 & 10 & 0 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 8 & 1 & 10 & 0 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3

Find the reduced row echelon form.

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Step 3.1

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} - 8 R_{1}

$R_{2} = R_{2} - 8 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

2, 1

$2, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.1.1

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} - 8 R_{1}

$R_{2} = R_{2} - 8 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

2, 1

$2, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 8 - 8 \cdot 1 & 1 - 8 \cdot 2 & 10 - 8 \cdot 1 & 0 - 8 \cdot 0 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 8 - 8 \cdot 1 & 1 - 8 \cdot 2 & 10 - 8 \cdot 1 & 0 - 8 \cdot 0 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.1.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} - 6 R_{1}

$R_{3} = R_{3} - 6 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

3, 1

$3, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.2.1

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} - 6 R_{1}

$R_{3} = R_{3} - 6 R_{1}$ to make the entry at

3, 1

$3, 1$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 6 - 6 \cdot 1 & 2 - 6 \cdot 2 & 5 - 6 \cdot 1 & 0 - 6 \cdot 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 6 - 6 \cdot 1 & 2 - 6 \cdot 2 & 5 - 6 \cdot 1 & 0 - 6 \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.2.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & - 15 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3

Multiply each element of

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ by

- \frac{1}{15}

$- \frac{1}{15}$ to make the entry at

2, 2

$2, 2$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 3.3.1

Multiply each element of

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ by

- \frac{1}{15}

$- \frac{1}{15}$ to make the entry at

2, 2

$2, 2$ a

1

$1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ - \frac{1}{15} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{15} \cdot - 15 & - \frac{1}{15} \cdot 2 & - \frac{1}{15} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ - \frac{1}{15} \cdot 0 & - \frac{1}{15} \cdot - 15 & - \frac{1}{15} \cdot 2 & - \frac{1}{15} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.3.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & - 10 & - 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.4

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} + 10 R_{2}

$R_{3} = R_{3} + 10 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

3, 2

$3, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.4.1

Perform the row operation

R_{3} = R_{3} + 10 R_{2}

$R_{3} = R_{3} + 10 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

3, 2

$3, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 + 10 \cdot 0 & - 10 + 10 \cdot 1 & - 1 + 10 (- \frac{2}{15}) & 0 + 10 \cdot 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 + 10 \cdot 0 & - 10 + 10 \cdot 1 & - 1 + 10 (- \frac{2}{15}) & 0 + 10 \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.4.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \frac{7}{3} & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \frac{7}{3} & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \frac{7}{3} & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - \frac{7}{3} & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.5

Multiply each element of

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ by

- \frac{3}{7}

$- \frac{3}{7}$ to make the entry at

3, 3

$3, 3$ a

1

$1$ .

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Step 3.5.1

Multiply each element of

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ by

- \frac{3}{7}

$- \frac{3}{7}$ to make the entry at

3, 3

$3, 3$ a

1

$1$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ - \frac{3}{7} \cdot 0 & - \frac{3}{7} \cdot 0 & - \frac{3}{7} (- \frac{7}{3}) & - \frac{3}{7} \cdot 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ - \frac{3}{7} \cdot 0 & - \frac{3}{7} \cdot 0 & - \frac{3}{7} (- \frac{7}{3}) & - \frac{3}{7} \cdot 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.5.2

Simplify

R_{3}

$R_{3}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & - \frac{2}{15} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.6

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} + \frac{2}{15} R_{3}

$R_{2} = R_{2} + \frac{2}{15} R_{3}$ to make the entry at

2, 3

$2, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.6.1

Perform the row operation

R_{2} = R_{2} + \frac{2}{15} R_{3}

$R_{2} = R_{2} + \frac{2}{15} R_{3}$ to make the entry at

2, 3

$2, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + \frac{2}{15} \cdot 0 & 1 + \frac{2}{15} \cdot 0 & - \frac{2}{15} + \frac{2}{15} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{2}{15} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 + \frac{2}{15} \cdot 0 & 1 + \frac{2}{15} \cdot 0 & - \frac{2}{15} + \frac{2}{15} \cdot 1 & 0 + \frac{2}{15} \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.6.2

Simplify

R_{2}

$R_{2}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.7

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} - R_{3}

$R_{1} = R_{1} - R_{3}$ to make the entry at

1, 3

$1, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.7.1

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} - R_{3}

$R_{1} = R_{1} - R_{3}$ to make the entry at

1, 3

$1, 3$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 - 0 & 2 - 0 & 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 - 0 & 2 - 0 & 1 - 1 & 0 - 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.7.2

Simplify

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.8

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} - 2 R_{2}

$R_{1} = R_{1} - 2 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

1, 2

$1, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

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Step 3.8.1

Perform the row operation

R_{1} = R_{1} - 2 R_{2}

$R_{1} = R_{1} - 2 R_{2}$ to make the entry at

1, 2

$1, 2$ a

0

$0$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 - 2 \cdot 0 & 2 - 2 \cdot 1 & 0 - 2 \cdot 0 & 0 - 2 \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 - 2 \cdot 0 & 2 - 2 \cdot 1 & 0 - 2 \cdot 0 & 0 - 2 \cdot 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 3.8.2

Simplify

R_{1}

$R_{1}$ .

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}]$

Step 4

Write the matrix as a system of linear equations.

x = 0

$x = 0$

y = 0

$y = 0$

z = 0

$z = 0$

Step 5

Since the only solution to

A x = 0

$A x = 0$ is the trivial solution, the vectors are linearly independent.

Linearly Independent

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