Examples

Determine the Possible Number of Real Roots
Step 1
To find the possible number of positive roots, look at the signs on the coefficients and count the number of times the signs on the coefficients change from positive to negative or negative to positive.
Step 2
Since there is sign change from the highest order term to the lowest, there is at most positive root (Descartes' Rule of Signs).
Positive Roots:
Step 3
To find the possible number of negative roots, replace with and repeat the sign comparison.
Step 4
Simplify each term.
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Step 4.1
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.2
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.3
Apply the product rule to .
Step 4.4
Raise to the power of .
Step 4.5
Multiply by .
Step 4.6
Multiply by .
Step 5
Since there are sign changes from the highest order term to the lowest, there are at most negative roots (Descartes' Rule of Signs). The other possible numbers of negative roots are found by subtracting off pairs of roots (e.g. ).
Negative Roots: or
Step 6
The possible number of positive roots is , and the possible number of negative roots is or .
Positive Roots:
Negative Roots: or
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