Calculus Examples

$\int \sqrt{1 - x^{2}} d x$

Step 1

Let

$x = \sin (t)$ , where

$- \frac{π}{2} \leq t \leq \frac{π}{2}$ . Then

$d x = \cos (t) d t$ . Note that since

$- \frac{π}{2} \leq t \leq \frac{π}{2}$ ,

$\cos (t)$ is positive.

$\int \sqrt{1 - \sin^{2} (t)} \cos (t) d t$

Step 2

Simplify terms.

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Step 2.1

Simplify

$\sqrt{1 - \sin^{2} (t)}$ .

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Step 2.1.1

Apply pythagorean identity.

$\int \sqrt{\cos^{2} (t)} \cos (t) d t$

Step 2.1.2

Pull terms out from under the radical, assuming positive real numbers.

$\int \cos (t) \cos (t) d t$

Step 2.2

Simplify.

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Step 2.2.1

Raise

$\cos (t)$ to the power of

$1$ .

$\int \cos^{1} (t) \cos (t) d t$

Step 2.2.2

Raise

$\cos (t)$ to the power of

$1$ .

$\int \cos^{1} (t) \cos^{1} (t) d t$

Step 2.2.3

Use the power rule

$a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$\int {\cos (t)}^{1 + 1} d t$

Step 2.2.4

Add

$1$ and

$1$ .

$\int \cos^{2} (t) d t$

Step 3

Use the half-angle formula to rewrite

$\cos^{2} (t)$ as

$\frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2}$ .

$\int \frac{1 + \cos (2 t)}{2} d t$

Step 4

Since

$\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to

$t$ , move

$\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} \int 1 + \cos (2 t) d t$

Step 5

Split the single integral into multiple integrals.

$\frac{1}{2} (\int d t + \int \cos (2 t) d t)$

Step 6

Apply the constant rule.

$\frac{1}{2} (t + C + \int \cos (2 t) d t)$

Step 7

Let

$u = 2 t$ . Then

$d u = 2 d t$ , so

$\frac{1}{2} d u = d t$ . Rewrite using

$u$ and

$d$

$u$ .

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Step 7.1

Let

$u = 2 t$ . Find

$\frac{d u}{d t}$ .

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Step 7.1.1

Differentiate

$2 t$ .

$\frac{d}{d t} [2 t]$

Step 7.1.2

Since

$2$ is constant with respect to

$t$ , the derivative of

$2 t$ with respect to

$t$ is

$2 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$ .

$2 \frac{d}{d t} [t]$

Step 7.1.3

Differentiate using the Power Rule which states that

$\frac{d}{d t} [t^{n}]$ is

$n t^{n - 1}$ where

$n = 1$ .

$2 \cdot 1$

Step 7.1.4

Multiply

$2$ by

$1$ .

$2$

Step 7.2

Rewrite the problem using

$u$ and

$d u$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (t + C + \int \cos (u) \frac{1}{2} d u)$

Step 8

Combine

$\cos (u)$ and

$\frac{1}{2}$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (t + C + \int \frac{\cos (u)}{2} d u)$

Step 9

Since

$\frac{1}{2}$ is constant with respect to

$u$ , move

$\frac{1}{2}$ out of the integral.

$\frac{1}{2} (t + C + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos (u) d u)$

Step 10

The integral of

$\cos (u)$ with respect to

$u$ is

$\sin (u)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (t + C + \frac{1}{2} (\sin (u) + C))$

Step 11

Simplify.

$\frac{1}{2} (t + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u)) + C$

Step 12

Substitute back in for each integration substitution variable.

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Step 12.1

Replace all occurrences of

$t$ with

$\arcsin (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x) + \frac{1}{2} \sin (u)) + C$

Step 12.2

Replace all occurrences of

$u$ with

$2 t$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x) + \frac{1}{2} \sin (2 t)) + C$

Step 12.3

Replace all occurrences of

$t$ with

$\arcsin (x)$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x) + \frac{1}{2} \sin (2 \arcsin (x))) + C$

Step 13

Simplify.

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Step 13.1

Combine

$\frac{1}{2}$ and

$\sin (2 \arcsin (x))$ .

$\frac{1}{2} (\arcsin (x) + \frac{\sin (2 \arcsin (x))}{2}) + C$

Step 13.2

Apply the distributive property.

$\frac{1}{2} \arcsin (x) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 \arcsin (x))}{2} + C$

Step 13.3

Combine

$\frac{1}{2}$ and

$\arcsin (x)$ .

$\frac{\arcsin (x)}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 \arcsin (x))}{2} + C$

Step 13.4

Multiply

$\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin (2 \arcsin (x))}{2}$ .

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Step 13.4.1

Multiply

$\frac{1}{2}$ by

$\frac{\sin (2 \arcsin (x))}{2}$ .

$\frac{\arcsin (x)}{2} + \frac{\sin (2 \arcsin (x))}{2 \cdot 2} + C$

Step 13.4.2

Multiply

$2$ by

$2$ .

$\frac{\arcsin (x)}{2} + \frac{\sin (2 \arcsin (x))}{4} + C$

Step 14

Reorder terms.

$\frac{1}{2} \arcsin (x) + \frac{1}{4} \sin (2 \arcsin (x)) + C$

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