Examples

y = \frac{x^{2} + 3 x - 4}{x^{2} - 1}

$y = \frac{x^{2} + 3 x - 4}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 1

Factor

x^{2} + 3 x - 4

$x^{2} + 3 x - 4$ using the AC method.

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Step 1.1

Consider the form

x^{2} + b x + c

$x^{2} + b x + c$ . Find a pair of integers whose product is

c

$c$ and whose sum is

b

$b$ . In this case, whose product is

- 4

$- 4$ and whose sum is

3

$3$ .

- 1, 4

$- 1, 4$

Step 1.2

Write the factored form using these integers.

y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{x^{2} - 1}

$y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{x^{2} - 1}$

y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{x^{2} - 1}

$y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{x^{2} - 1}$

Step 2

Factor

x^{2} - 1

$x^{2} - 1$ .

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Step 2.1

Rewrite

1

$1$ as

1^{2}

$1^{2}$ .

y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{x^{2} - 1^{2}}

$y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{x^{2} - 1^{2}}$

Step 2.2

Since both terms are perfect squares, factor using the difference of squares formula,

a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)

$a^{2} - b^{2} = (a + b) (a - b)$ where

a = x

$a = x$ and

b = 1

$b = 1$ .

y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{(x + 1) (x - 1)}

$y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{(x + 1) (x - 1)}$

y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{(x + 1) (x - 1)}

$y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{(x + 1) (x - 1)}$

Step 3

Cancel the common factor of

x - 1

$x - 1$ .

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Step 3.1

Cancel the common factor.

$y = \frac{(x - 1) (x + 4)}{(x + 1) (x - 1)}$

Step 3.2

Rewrite the expression.

$y = \frac{x + 4}{x + 1}$

Step 4

To find the holes in the graph, look at the denominator factors that were cancelled.

$x - 1$

Step 5

To find the coordinates of the holes, set each factor that was cancelled equal to

$0$ , solve, and substitute back in to

$\frac{x + 4}{x + 1}$ .

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Step 5.1

Set

$x - 1$ equal to

$0$ .

$x - 1 = 0$

Step 5.2

Add

$1$ to both sides of the equation.

$x = 1$

Step 5.3

Substitute

$1$ for

$x$ in

$\frac{x + 4}{x + 1}$ and simplify.

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Step 5.3.1

Substitute

$1$ for

$x$ to find the

$y$ coordinate of the hole.

$\frac{1 + 4}{1 + 1}$

Step 5.3.2

Simplify.

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Step 5.3.2.1

Add

$1$ and

$4$ .

$\frac{5}{1 + 1}$

Step 5.3.2.2

Add

$1$ and

$1$ .

$\frac{5}{2}$

Step 5.4

The holes in the graph are the points where any of the cancelled factors are equal to

$0$ .

$(1, \frac{5}{2})$

Step 6

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